Table 3.

Characteristics of the six patients in the cohort who were diagnosed with infection following the snakebite.

Case	Age, gender	Delayed presentationa	Received empirical antibiotics at presentation	Clinical signs of infection at presentation	Signs of infection at the bite siteb	Other signs of infection	Envenomationc	Snake	Antibiotics	Microbiological isolates
1	39, male	No	Yes	No	Warmth and erythema	Inguinal lymphadenopathy pain	Yes: 1 ampoule polyvalent antivenom	Taipand (Oxyuranus genus)	Doxycycline (oral), metronidazole (oral)	No
2	16, male	No	Yes	No	Erythema	Pain	Yes: 1 ampoule taipan antivenom	Taipand (Oxyuranus genus)	Flucloxacillin (oral)	No
3	50, male	Yes	Yes	Yes	Erythema	No	Yes: 2 ampoules polyvalent antivenom	Taipand (Oxyuranus genus)	Piperacillin and tazobactam	Noe
4	4, female	No	No	No	Erythema	Local swelling, inguinal lymphadenopathy	No	Unknown	Cephalexin (oral)f	No
5	50, female	No	Yes	No	Warmth and erythema	Local swelling	No	Unknown	Flucloxacillin	No
6	45, female	No	Yes	No	Warmth and erythema	Local swelling, pain, axillary lymphadenopathy	No	Carpentaria whip snake Cryptophis boschmaig	Flucloxacillin	No

^aGreater than 8 hours after bite. ^bAt any point during the episode. ^cContemporary opinion of clinical toxicologist. ^dBased on opinion of clinical toxicologist informed by clinical and laboratory findings, geographical location of the bite, and pathological envenomation syndrome. ^eSuperficial swab sent, no growth. ^fRepresented with worsening pain and erythema same day of discharge, kept overnight for intravenous flucloxacillin and discharged on oral flucloxacillin. No reported complications. ^gConfirmed by zoologist.