Table 3. Predictors of survival (Kaplan-Meier univariable analyses).
| Variables | N | RFS | OS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | P value | n (%) | P value | |||
| Age (years) | 0.123 | 0.053 | ||||
| <60 | 258 | 112 (43.4) | 122 (47.3) | |||
| ≥60 | 330 | 113 (34.2) | 124 (37.6) | |||
| Gender | 0.962 | 0.118 | ||||
| Female | 214 | 81 (37.9) | 96 (44.9) | |||
| Male | 374 | 144 (38.5) | 150 (40.1) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.083 | 0.031 | ||||
| <18.5 | 19 | 4 (21.1) | 5 (26.3) | |||
| 18.5–24.9 | 343 | 123 (35.9) | 135 (39.4) | |||
| 25–27.9 | 170 | 67 (39.4) | 72 (42.4) | |||
| ≥28 | 56 | 31 (55.4) | 34 (60.7) | |||
| Coronary heart disease | 0.139 | 0.657 | ||||
| No | 551 | 208 (37.7) | 229 (41.6) | |||
| Yes | 37 | 17 (45.9) | 17 (45.9) | |||
| Hypertension | <0.001 | 0.002 | ||||
| No | 432 | 147 (34.0) | 164 (38.0) | |||
| Yes | 156 | 78 (50.0) | 82 (52.6) | |||
| Arrythmia | 0.476 | 0.398 | ||||
| No | 547 | 212 (38.8) | 231 (42.2) | |||
| Yes | 41 | 13 (31.7) | 15 (36.6) | |||
| Diabetes | 0.093 | 0.189 | ||||
| No | 526 | 195 (37.1) | 215 (40.9) | |||
| Yes | 62 | 30 (48.4) | 31 (50.0) | |||
| Smoking | 0.734 | 0.221 | ||||
| No | 275 | 103 (37.5) | 120 (43.6) | |||
| Yes | 313 | 122 (39.0) | 126 (40.3) | |||
| Drinking | 0.900 | 0.472 | ||||
| No | 453 | 172 (38.0) | 192 (42.4) | |||
| Yes | 135 | 53 (39.3) | 54 (40.0) | |||
| Preoperative chemotherapy | 0.063 | 0.028 | ||||
| No | 528 | 206 (39.0) | 226 (42.8) | |||
| Yes | 60 | 41 (31.7) | 20 (33.3) | |||
| ASA | 0.342 | 0.303 | ||||
| I | 215 | 81 (37.7) | 86 (40.0) | |||
| II | 373 | 144 (38.6) | 160 (42.9) | |||
| Tumor stage† | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| I | 265 | 146 (55.1) | 158 (59.6) | |||
| II | 114 | 44 (38.6) | 46 (40.4) | |||
| III | 161 | 29 (18.0) | 35 (21.7) | |||
| IV | 48 | 6 (12.5) | 7 (14.6) | |||
| Surgical procedure | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Segmentectomy | 131 | 36 (27.5) | 38 (29.0) | |||
| Lobectomy | 436 | 178 (40.8) | 197 (45.2) | |||
| Total pneumectomy | 21 | 11 (52.4) | 11 (52.4) | |||
| Mediastinal lymph node dissection | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 61 | 10 (16.4) | 11 (18.0) | |||
| Yes | 527 | 215 (40.8) | 235 (44.6) | |||
| Anesthesia technique | 0.168 | 0.399 | ||||
| General anesthesia | 448 | 166 (37.1) | 184 (41.1) | |||
| Combined epidural-general anesthesia | 140 | 59 (42.1) | 62 (44.3) | |||
| Duration of surgery (h) | 0.019 | 0.012 | ||||
| ≤3.0 | 129 | 40 (31.0) | 42 (32.6) | |||
| >3.0 | 459 | 185 (40.3) | 204 (44.4) | |||
| Total intraoperative fluid volume (mL) | 0.492 | 0.659 | ||||
| ≤2,000 | 306 | 116 (37.9) | 127 (41.5) | |||
| >2,000 | 282 | 109 (38.7) | 119 (42.2) | |||
| Intraoperative blood transfusion | 0.099 | 0.027 | ||||
| No | 579 | 224 (38.7) | 245 (42.3) | |||
| Yes | 9 | 1 (11.1) | 1 (11.1) | |||
| Perioperative fentanyl equivalents (μg/kg) | 0.081 | 0.007 | ||||
| ≤28.2 | 294 | 101 (34.4) | 110 (37.4) | |||
| >28.2 | 294 | 117 (42.2) | 136 (46.3) | |||
| Perioperative NSAIDs administration | 0.591 | 0.251 | ||||
| No | 267 | 97 (36.3) | 105 (39.3) | |||
| Yes | 321 | 128 (39.9) | 141 (43.9) | |||
| Perioperative glucocorticoids administration | 0.016 | 0.047 | ||||
| No | 256 | 90 (35.2) | 98 (38.3) | |||
| Yes | 332 | 135 (40.7) | 148 (44.6) | |||
| Grade of tumor cell differentiation | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Undifferentiation | 81 | 36 (44.4) | 38 (46.9) | |||
| Poor differentiation | 75 | 19 (25.3) | 21 (28.0) | |||
| Moderate differentiation | 364 | 132 (36.3) | 144 (39.6) | |||
| High differentiation | 68 | 38 (55.9) | 43 (63.2) | |||
| Maximal tumor size (cm) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| ≤3.0 | 327 | 142 (43.4) | 157 (48.0) | |||
| >3.0 | 261 | 83 (31.8) | 89 (34.1) | |||
| PPCs | 0.080 | 0.117 | ||||
| No | 175 | 78 (44.6) | 83 (47.4) | |||
| Yes | 413 | 147 (35.6) | 163 (39.5) | |||
| Postoperative radiotherapy | <0.001 | 0.024 | ||||
| No | 564 | 223 (39.5) | 242 (42.9) | |||
| Yes | 24 | 2 (8.3) | 4 (16.7) | |||
| Postoperative chemotherapy | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 303 | 146 (48.2) | 150 (49.5) | |||
| Yes | 285 | 79 (27.7) | 96 (33.7) | |||
†, tumor stage according to the 8th edition of TNM staging system for lung cancer. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RFS, recurrence-free survival; OS, overall survival; BMI, body mass index; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; NSAIDs, Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs; PPCs, Postoperative pulmonary complications.