Fig. 6. Data generation and simulation calibration.

a The porosity matrix database contains three symmetries and one random arrangement. b Three kinds of porosity matrices: 2 × 2 × 2, 3 × 3 × 3 and 4 × 4 × 4, which can all expand to a 12 × 12 × 12 matrix. The 3 × 3 × 3 arrangement was chosen to balance structural complexity and computational efficiency. a, b show the schematics for unlabeled porosity matrix preparation. c, d, e The finite element method (FEM) simulation agrees with experimental observations. Three replicates were tested to ensure reproducibility. The error of the elastic modulus (E) and yield strength (Y) between the FEM simulation and experimental results is less than 10%. c, d, e refer to 3 Ti scaffolds with random shapes, and f, g, h refer to 3 Zn scaffolds with random shapes. All stress-strain curves are adjusted in the x-axis direction to make them overlap. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.