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. 2023 Oct 19;14:6602. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42362-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Injection diagram for hM4Di-mediated (red) inhibition of PVN-projecting NTS^TH neurons and photomicrograph showing transduced NTS neurons (scale: 500 μm). b Effect of control (saline) injection and chemogenetic (CNO) NTS^TH → PVN silencing on 1-h food consumption following overnight food deprivation in control eYFP (n = 9 mice) and hM4Di (n = 10 mice) animals (2-way RM ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparison, **p = 0.0014). c Effect of NTS^TH → PVN inhibition on 2DG-induced feeding in ad libitum fed control eYFP (n = 10) and hM4Di (n = 10) mice (4-h feeding, 2-way RM-ANOVA with Benjamini-Hochberg correction, *p = 0.035, ***p < 0.0007, n.s.: p = 0.112, Effect sizes: D = 0.639 (Δ (2DG – Baseline) of Control vs Rostral; D = 0.813 (Δ (2DG:CNO – 2DG) of Control vs Rostral). d Schematic for hM4Di transduction in PVN-projecting TH neurons in the rostral or caudal NTS. e Representative image of hM4Di (red) expression in PVN-projecting catecholaminergic neurons in the rostral and caudal NTS (scale: 500 μm). f Temporal raster plots of food pellets dispensed before and after intraperitoneal 2DG or 2DG + DCZ administration from mice expressing hM4Di in rostral (n = 10 mice) or caudal (n = 10 mice) NTS^TH → PVN neurons. g Summary graph for cumulative 4-h food intake following intraperitoneal saline, 2DG, and 2DG + DCZ delivery from mice expressing hM4Di in PVN-projecting rostral (n = 10 mice) or caudal (n = 10 mice) NTS^TH neurons (2-way RM-ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison, ***p < 0.0001, **p < 0.0039). h, i Effects of 2DG alone or 2DG + DCZ on circulating corticosterone (h) and glucose (i) in control (n = 3 mice) and animals with hM4Di expression in rostral (n = 8 mice) or caudal (n = 10 mice) NTS^TH → PVN neurons (One-way RM-ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison, *p = 0.0159, Effect sizes: D = 0.987 (Δ (2DG – Baseline) of Control vs Rostral; D = 0.977 (Δ (2DG:DCZ – 2DG) of Control vs Rostral; Effect sizes: D = 0.291 (Δ (2DG-Baseline) of Caudal vs Rostral; D = 0.490 (Δ (2DG:DCZ – 2DG) of Caudal vs Rostral). Data are presented as mean values +/− SEM. For specific p-values, data and statistics, please see associated Source data file.