Table 2.
Sustainability indicators across clusters.
| Indicators | Whole sample | Milk-based | Meat-based | Fast-food-based | Healthy-fish-based | Healthy-plant-based | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutritional quality | |||||||
| PANDiet | 64.97 (7.86) | 65.17 (0.09) | 63.01 (0.07) | 62.65 (0.07) | 68.53 (0.07) | 72.68 (0.21) | < 0.0001 |
| AS | 78.86 (12.74) | 78.43 (0.13) | 78.11 (0.1) | 75.73 (0.1) | 83.79 (0.1) | 77.64 (0.29) | < 0.0001 |
| MS | 51.08 (18.49) | 51.9 (0.15) | 47.9 (0.12) | 49.57 (0.12) | 53.27 (0.13) | 67.72 (0.35) | < 0.0001 |
| cDQI | 51.48 (9.18) | 49.57 (0.11) | 48.56 (0.09) | 49.33 (0.08) | 58.21 (0.09) | 52.97 (0.25) | < 0.0001 |
| aDQI | 15.86 (3.9) | 16.84 (0.05) | 14.59 (0.04) | 15.73 (0.04) | 17.05 (0.04) | 13.16 (0.11) | < 0.0001 |
| pDQI | 35.62 (7.47) | 32.72 (0.09) | 33.96 (0.07) | 33.6 (0.07) | 41.16 (0.07) | 39.81 (0.2) | < 0.0001 |
| PNNS-GS2 | 2.51 (3.56) | 1.96 (0.03) | 1.01 (0.03) | 2.34 (0.02) | 4.15 (0.03) | 6.13 (0.08) | < 0.0001 |
| Environmental impacts | |||||||
| GHG emissions (kg CO2 eq/d) | 4.05 (2.48) | 4.13 (0.02) | 5.47 (0.02) | 3.61 (0.01) | 3.4 (0.02) | 1.31 (0.05) | < 0.0001 |
| Cumulative energy demand (MJ/d) | 17.62 (7.56) | 17.08 (0.06) | 21.14 (0.05) | 16.18 (0.04) | 17.09 (0.05) | 9.85 (0.14) | < 0.0001 |
| Land use (m2/d) | 10.6 (6.75) | 10.57 (0.07) | 14.24 (0.05) | 9.33 (0.05) | 9.15 (0.05) | 4.52 (0.15) | < 0.0001 |
| pRecipe | 0.28 (0.16) | 0.28 (0.00) | 0.39 (0.00) | 0.26 (0.00) | 0.23 (0.00) | 0.11 (0.00) | < 0.0001 |
| Organic food share | 0.29 (0.27) | 0.21 (0.00) | 0.21 (0.00) | 0.26 (0.00) | 0.41 (0.00) | 0.67 (0.01) | < 0.0001 |
| Health risk | |||||||
| RR (%) whole grain | 19.51 (12.35) | 20.59 (0.16) | 17.45 (0.13) | 21.17 (0.12) | 17.1 (0.14) | 32.9 (0.37) | < 0.0001 |
| RR (%) fruits | 6.98 (7.59) | 7.8 (0.10) | 5.17 (0.08) | 8.26 (0.08) | 5.8 (0.08) | 14.07 (0.23) | < 0.0001 |
| RR (%) vegetables | 2.19 (2.58) | 2.87 (0.03) | 1.54 (0.02) | 2.77 (0.02) | 1.69 (0.02) | 2.4 (0.07) | < 0.0001 |
| RR (%) nuts/seeds | 3.82 (3.17) | 3.84 (0.04) | 2.95 (0.03) | 3.88 (0.03) | 4.1 (0.03) | 7.56 (0.09) | < 0.0001 |
| RR (%) legumes | 10.24 (6.47) | 10.29 (0.08) | 7.63 (0.07) | 10.63 (0.06) | 12.21 (0.07) | 12.14 (0.19) | < 0.0001 |
| RR (%) milk | 6.65 (5.86) | 3.03 (0.06) | 4.41 (0.05) | 6.95 (0.05) | 9.15 (0.05) | 20.65 (0.14) | < 0.0001 |
| RR (%) processed meat | 16.87 (10.22) | 16.58 (0.14) | 18.26 (0.11) | 17.73 (0.1) | 16.47 (0.11) | 3.75 (0.3) | < 0.0001 |
| RR (%) red meat | 32.97 (16.75) | 34.08 (0.21) | 41.97 (0.17) | 27.67 (0.16) | 32.89 (0.17) | 5.19 (0.46) | < 0.0001 |
| RR (%) sweetened beverages | 0.73 (1.96) | 0.86 (0.02) | 0.58 (0.02) | 0.88 (0.02) | 0.53 (0.02) | 1.29 (0.06) | < 0.0001 |
| HRS | 0.69 (0.29) | 0.7 (0.00) | 0.95 (0.00) | 0.65 (0.00) | 0.53 (0.00) | 0.25 (0.00) | < 0.0001 |
Values are mean (SD) for the whole sample, and adjusted means of indicators on total energy intake (SEM) across clusters (ANCOVA model).
P values were calculated using ANCOVA.
AS adequation sub-score of PANDiet, MS moderation sub-score of PANDiet, HRS health risk score, RR relative risk.