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. 2023 Oct 19;14:6610. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42365-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Schematic representation of the nsEP system for sEV generation. b The sEV number per cell produced by mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in untreated control, microsecond electroporation pulses (msEP), nsEP, and nsEP/PBS treatment groups. The total amount of sEVs = concentration of sEVs × volume. The number of viable cells was calculated by trypan blue staining and cell counting. The number of sEVs produced per cell = total number of sEVs/number of living cells. c Number of sEVs produced per MEF after nsEP system at voltage amplitudes from 0 to 250 V. d Viability of MEFs after nsEP system at voltage amplitudes from 0 to 250 V. e Size measurements and size distribution of sEVs produced by both the nsEP system (red) and the untreated control (green) cells. f RT-qPCR of IFN-γ mRNA revealed that sEVs produced by nsEP treatment contained much larger quantities of transcribed mRNAs than sEVs produced by other methods. Data in b–f are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD), n = 3 biologically independent samples; statistical significance was calculated by one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Source data are provided as a Source Date file.