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. 2023 Jul 19;53(11):2095–2109. doi: 10.1007/s40279-023-01881-6

Table 4.

Certainty of evidence for the impacts of resistance training and associations of muscular fitness

Variable #No. of studies n Findings Certainty of evidence
Resistance training
Overall academic, cognitive, and on− task behaviour performance 10 1235 SMD, 0.19 (0.05 to 0.32) Low certainty
Muscular fitness
Overall academic and cognitive performance 43 1,916,424 SMD, 0.12 (0.08 to 0.16) Moderate certainty

SMD standardized mean difference