Table 2.

Regression coefficients of associations between depression, anxiety, stress, sleep quality and levels of smartphone use

Model: DV	Smartphone use	Crude Estimates	Adjusted Estimates¥
		Reg Coeff: β [95% CI]	Reg Coeff: β [95% CI]
1: Depression	[Low-moderate = Ref]
	Moderate-High	3.62 [1.80–5.45]	3.51 [1.63–5.40]
	High-Severe	7.65 [5.55–9.75]	6.91 [4.74–9.07]
2: Anxiety	[Low-moderate = Ref]
	Moderate-High	2.90 [1.73–4.08]	2.14 [0.93–3.34]
	High-Severe	5.74 [4.37–7.12]	4.65 [3.24–6.07]
3: Stress	[Low-moderate = Ref]
	Moderate-High	4.46 [2.84–6.09]	3.40 [1.75–5.06]
	High-Severe	8.79 [6.90-10.69]	7.02 [5.11–8.93]
4: Sleep quality	[Low-moderate = Ref]
	Moderate-High	0.97 [0.44–1.49]	0.72 [0.27–1.17]
	High-Severe	2.12 [1.51–2.73]	1.40 [0.87–1.93]

CI Confidence interval

DV dependent variable

^¥Each of the linear regression models was adjusted for age, sex, education, employment, English as first language, and sleep duration

Depression, anxiety, and stress scores ranged from 0 to 42, while sleep quality index ranged from 0 to 21