Table 2.
Overview of included studies
| Reference | Study type | Population characteristics | Motor competence assessment(s) | Assessment type | Physical activity assessment(s) | Physical fitness assessment(s) | Psychosocial assessment(s) | Associations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barnett et al. [67] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 215 adolescent students (female n = 111; male n = 104) Mean age 16.4 ± 0.6 years |
Six out of 12 skills from the Get Skilled Get Active battery [133] Object control competence Kick, catch, overarm throw Locomotor competence Hop, side gallop, vertical jump |
Process |
Self-reported physical activity The adolescent physical activity recall questionnaire [148] |
Perceived motor competence |
Locomotor competence Perceived sports competence: r = 0.30, p < 0.01 Moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA): r = 0.14, p < 0.05 Object control competence Perceived sports competence: r = 0.46, p < 0.01 MVPA: r = 0.35, p < 0.01 |
|
| Britton et al. [104]a | Longitudinal |
Sample 224 adolescents (51% girls) Mean age 12.26 ± 0.37 years |
Combination of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD)-3 [141] and the Victorian Fundamental movement skills (FMS) manual [125] Object control competence Kick, catch, overhand throw, one-hand strike, and two-handed strike Locomotor competence Run, skip, horizontal jump, vertical jump Stability/balance competence Two-board balance, zigzag hop, and walking heel-to-toe backwards |
Process |
Minutes of MVPA per day Actigraph (models: GT1M, GT3X, GT3X + , wGT3X-BT) accelerometers |
Cardiovascular endurance FITNESSGRAM [212], EUROFIT manual [213]: 20-m shuttle run Muscular strength EUROFIT [213] and HELENA study [214, 215]: horizontal jump HELENA study [214, 215]: vertical jump Muscular endurance FITNESSGRAM [212]: push-ups and curl-ups |
Perceived motor competence The self-perception profile for adolescents [169] |
Object control (first year secondary school) Physical activity (sixth class primary school): β = 0.35, p < 0.01 No other direct associations reported |
| Chagas and Batista [106] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 68 girls Age range 12–14 years Mean height 12 years = 1.59 ± 0.03 m 13 years = 1.57 ± 0.03 m 14 years = 1.51 ± 0.01 m Mean body mass 12 years = 55.6 ± 4.7 kg 13 years = 50.8 ± 2.9 kg 14 years = 56.7 ± 2.8 kg Mean BMI 12 years = 21.9 ± 1.6 kg∙m2 13 years = 20.5 ± 0.7 kg∙m2 14 years = 21.8 ± 1.0 kg∙m2 Mean body fat % 12 years = 28.6 ± 2.8% 13 years = 25.5 ± 2.1% 14 years = 30.2 ± 2.0% |
Overall competence Körperkoordinationstest Für Kinder [KTK]) [124] |
Product |
Self-reported physical activity Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) [147] |
Weight status Body fat % |
Overall competence Body fat %: r = –0.64, p < 0.01 |
|
| Chagas and Batista [107] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 56 adolescents (21 boys and 35 girls) Mean age 13.7 ± 0.6 years Mean height 1.61 ± 0.1 m Mean body mass 58.4 ± 16.0 kg Mean BMI 22.4 ± 5.0 kg∙m2 |
Overall competence KTK [124] |
Product |
Self-reported physical activity Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) [147] |
Weight status BMI |
Overall competence BMI: r = − 0.58, p < 0.01 |
|
| Chagas and Batista [79] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 69 male adolescents Mean age 13.7 ± 0.6 years Age range 12–14 years |
Overall competence KTK [124] |
Product |
Self-reported physical activity PAQ-C [147] |
Weight status Body fat % |
Overall competence Body fat %: r = − 0.37, p < 0.01 Physical activity: r = 0.24, p = 0.05 |
|
| Chagas and Batista [95] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 39 adolescents (male n = 17; female n = 22) Mean age 13.7 ± 0.6 years Mean height 1.61 ± 0.8 m Mean body mass 63.2 ± 17.5 kg |
Overall competence KTK [124] |
Product |
Self-reported physical activity PAQ-C [147] |
Weight status BMI |
Overall competence (bivariate correlation) Weight status: r = − 0.64, p < 0.01 Overall competence (partial correlations accounting for PA level) Weight status: r = − 0.62, p < 0.01 |
|
| Chagas and Marinho [103] | Longitudinal |
Sample 166 Brazilian middle school pupils (female n = 97, male n = 69) Mean age at baseline Male 13.7 ± 0.6 years, female = 13.7 ± 0.6 years Mean height at baseline Male = 1.60 ± 0.1 m, female = 1.59 ± 0.1 m Body mass at baseline Male = 49.3 ± 11.9 kg, female = 54.5 ± 14.6 kg |
Overall competence KTK [124] |
Product |
Self-reported physical activity PAQ-C [147] |
Weight status Body fat % |
Overall competence PA level (independent variable): β = 3.82 ± 1.57, CI = 0.71, 6.94, p < 0.05 Body fat % (dependent variable): β = − 0.30 ± 0.03, CI − 0.36, − 0.23, p < 0.01 |
|
| Chagas et al. [96] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 136 adolescents (67 boys, 69 girls; healthy weight n = 100; overweight/obese n = 36) Mean age Healthy weight group = 13.3 ± 0.6 years; overweight/obese group = 13.3 ± 0.7 years Mean height Healthy weight group = 1.58 ± 0.1 m; overweight/obese height = 1.58 ± 0.1 m Mean body mass Healthy weight group = 45.7 ± 7.1 kg; overweight/obese group = 68.4 ± 14.9 kg |
Overall competence KTK [124] |
Product |
Weight status BMI |
Overall competence Weight status: r = − 0.57, p < 0.01 |
||
| Chagas et al. [105] | Longitudinal |
Sample 122 adolescents (59.8% girls) Mean age Male = 13.3 ± 0.5 years; female = 13.2 ± 0.5 years Mean height Male = 1.57 ± 0.1 m; female = 1.58 ± 0.1 m Mean body mass Male = 47.7 ± 11.2 kg; female = 54.2 ± 15.3 kg |
Overall competence KTK [124] |
Product |
Self-reported physical activity PAQ-C [147] |
Weight status BMI Composite fitness Sit-ups [216] |
Overall competence Weight status: r = − 0.69, p < 0.01 (only reported the association between motor competence and weight status) |
|
| Chang et al. [92] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 32 junior school sport athletes (volleyball n = 11; basketball n = 12; handball n = 9; sex characteristics not reported) Mean age 16.06 ± 0.21 years Mean height 167.28 ± 6.32 cm Mean body mass 68.45 ± 9.67 kg |
Individual motor competence elements Functional Movement Screen™ [129, 130] Stability/balance competence Y-balance test [131] |
Combined with scores separated for process (Functional Movement Screen™) and product (Y-balance test) measurements |
Muscular power Vertical jump Agility Agility T-test |
Deep squat Muscular power: r = 0.12, p > 0.05 Agility: r = − 0.17, p > 0.05 Hurdle step Muscular power: r = 0.06, p > 0.05 Agility: r = − 0.14, p > 0.05 In line lunge Muscular power: r = 0.06, p > 0.05 Agility: r = − 0.10, p > 0.05 Shoulder mobility Muscular power: r = − 0.33, p > 0.05 Agility: r = 0.25, p > 0.05 Straight-leg raise Muscular power: r = − 0.03, p > 0.05 Agility: r = − 0.01; p > 0.05 Trunk stability push-up Muscular power: r = 0.39, p > 0.05 Agility: r = − 0.57; p < 0.05 Rotary stability Muscular power: r = 0.35, p > 0.05 Agility: r = – 0.19, p > 0.05 Stability/balance Muscular power: r = − 0.14, p > 0.05 Agility: r = − 0.08, p > 0.05 |
||
| Chen and Housner [77]a | Cross-sectional from longitudinal follow-up |
Sample 255 middle school students (male n = 136; female n = 119) Mean age 13.2 ± 1.7 years Mean height 63.7 ± 3.6 inches Mean body mass 130.4 ± 36.6 lbs |
Participants assessed (from process and product perspectives) on dribble, throw, kick, and jump skills from the Test of Gross Motor Development [126] | Combined with scores separated for process and product measurements |
Self-reported physical activity Unreferenced question asking participants for the number of days per week they engage in sport, fitness or recreational activity |
Weight status BMI Muscular endurance Flexed arm hang, curl-ups Agility Shuttle run Cardiovascular endurance 1-mile run Flexibility Sit and reach |
Dribble (process) Weight status (whole sample): r = − 0.15, p < 0.05 (male r = − 0.16, p > 0.05; female r = − 0.14; p > 0.05) Muscular endurance: curl-up (whole sample): r = 0.06, p > 0.05 (male r = 0.04, p > 0.05; female r = 0.06, p > 0.05) Muscular endurance: flexed arm hang (whole sample): r = 0.13, p < 0.05 (male r = 0.11, p > 0.05; female r = 0.13, p > 0.05) Agility (whole sample): r = − 0.12, p > 0.05 (male r = − 0.10, p > 0.05; female r = − 0.12, p > 0.05) Cardiovascular endurance (whole sample): r = − 0.23; p < 0.01 (male: r = − 0.24, p < 0.01); female: r = − 0.20, p < 0.05) Flexibility (whole sample): r = − 0.06; p > 0.05 (male r = − 0.10, p > 0.05; female r = 0.01, p > 0.05) Throw (process) Weight status (whole sample): r = − 0.07, p > 0.05 (male r = − 0.15, p > 0.05; female r = − 0.03, p > 0.05) Muscular endurance: curl-ups (whole sample): r = 0.31, p < 0.01 (male r = 0.34, p < 0.01; female r = 0.23, p < 0.05) Muscular endurance: flexed arm hang (whole sample): r = 0.26, p < 0.01 (male r = 0.09, p > 0.05; female r = 0.33, p < 0.01) Agility (whole sample): r = − 0.29, p < 0.01 (male r = − 0.36, p < 0.01; female r = − 0.08, p > 0.05) Cardiovascular endurance (whole sample): r = − 0.25, p < 0.01 (male r = − 0.22, p < 0.05; female r = − 0.05, p > 0.05) Flexibility (whole sample): r = − 0.03, p > 0.05 (male r = 0.02, p > 0.05; female r = 0.13, p > 0.05) Kick (process) Weight status (whole sample): r = − 0.27, p < 0.01 (male r = − 0.38, p < 0.01; female r = − 0.19, p > 0.05) Muscular endurance: curl-ups (whole sample): r = 0.44, p < 0.01 (male r = 0.39, p < 0.01; female r = 0.43, p < 0.01) Muscular endurance: flexed arm hang (whole sample): r = 0.34, p < 0.01 (male r = 0.29, p < 0.01; female r = 0.31, p < 0.01) Agility (whole sample): r = − 0.48, p < 0.01 (male r = − 0.40, p < 0.01; female r = − 0.45, p < 0.01) Cardiovascular endurance (whole sample): r = − 0.46, p < 0.01 (male r = − 0.43, p < 0.01; female r − 0.33, p < 0.01) Flexibility (whole sample): r = 0.01, p > 0.05 (male r = − 0.03, p > 0.05; female r = 0.23, p < 0.05) Jump (process) Weight status (whole sample): r = − 0.14, p > 0.05 (male r = − 0.24, p < 0.01; female r = − 0.04, p > 0.05) Muscular endurance: curl-ups (whole sample): r = 0.31, p < 0.01 (male r = 0.36, p < 0.01; female r = 0.17, p > 0.05) Muscular endurance: flexed arm hang (whole sample): r = 0.26, p < 0.01 (male r = 0.27, p < 0.01; female r = 0.16, p > 0.05) Agility (whole sample): r = − 0.38, p < 0.01 (male r = − 0.38, p < 0.01; female r = − 0.32, p < 0.01) Cardiovascular endurance (whole sample): r = − 0.29, p < 0.01 (male r = − 0.24, p < 0.01; female r = − 0.26, p < 0.01) Flexibility (whole sample): r = 0.12, p > 0.05 (male r = 0.12, p > 0.05; female r = 0.24, p < 0.05) Dribble (product) Weight status (whole sample): r = 0.35, p < 0.01 (male r = 0.37, p < 0.01; female r = 0.36; p < 0.01) Muscular endurance: curl-ups (whole sample): r = − 0.42, p < 0.01 (male r = − 0.39, p < 0.01; female r = − 0.39, p < 0.01) Muscular endurance: flexed arm hang (whole sample): r = − 0.35, p < 0.01 (male r = − 0.36, p < 0.01; female r = − 0.21, p < 0.05) Agility (whole sample): r = 0.57, p < 0.01 (male r = 0.55, p < 0.01; female r = 0.52, p < 0.01) Cardiovascular endurance (whole sample): r = 0.55; p < 0.01 (male r = 0.56, p < 0.01; female r = 0.41, p < 0.01) Flexibility (whole sample): r = − 0.06; p > 0.05 (male r = − 0.13, p > 0.05; female r = 0.20, p > 0.05) Throw (product) Weight status (whole sample): r = − 0.12, p > 0.05 (male r = − 0.29, p < 0.01; female r = 0.00, p > 0.05) Muscular endurance—curl-ups (whole sample): r = 0.46, p < 0.01 (male r = 0.51, p < 0.01; female r = 0.35, p < 0.01) Muscular endurance: flexed arm hang (whole sample): r = 0.35, p < 0.01 (male r = 0.36, p < 0.01; female r = 0.16, p > 0.05) Agility (whole sample): r = − 0.56, p < 0.01 (male r = − 0.59, p < 0.01; female r = − 0.38, p < 0.01) Cardiovascular endurance (whole sample): r = − 0.51, p < 0.01 (male r = − 0.47, p < 0.01; female r = − 0.29, p < 0.01) Flexibility (whole sample): r = − 0.05, p > 0.05 (male r = 0.20, p < 0.05; female r = 0.20, p < 0.05) Kick (product) Weight status (whole sample): r = − 0.06, p > 0.05 (male r = − 0.11, p > 0.05; female r = − 0.03, p > 0.05) Muscular endurance—curl-ups (whole sample): r = 0.35, p < 0.01 (male r = 0.25, p < 0.01; female r = 0.41, p < 0.01) Muscular endurance: flexed arm hang (whole sample): r = 0.26, p < 0.01 (male r = 0.20, p < 0.01; female r = 0.20, p < 0.01) Agility (whole sample): r = − 0.42, p < 0.01 (male r = − 0.33, p < 0.01; female r = − 0.38, p < 0.01) Cardiovascular endurance (whole sample): r = − 0.39, p < 0.01 (male r = − 0.31, p < 0.01; female r = − 0.28 p < 0.01) Flexibility (whole sample): r = 0.06, p > 0.05 (male r = − 0.11, p > 0.05; female r = 0.25, p < 0.01) Jump (product) Weight status (whole sample): r = − 0.44, p < 0.01 (male r = − 0.50, p < 0.01; female r = − 0.41, p < 0.01) Muscular endurance: curl-ups (whole sample): r = 0.48, p < 0.01 (male r = 0.47, p < 0.01; female r = 0.41, p > 0.05) Muscular endurance: flexed arm hang (whole sample): r = 0.60, p < 0.01 (male r = 0.61, p < 0.01; female r = 0.50, p < 0.01) Agility (whole sample): r = − 0.69, p < 0.01 (male r = − 0.71, p < 0.01; female r = − 0.60, p < 0.01) Cardiovascular endurance (whole sample): r = − 0.60, p < 0.01 (male r = − 0.55, p < 0.01; female r = − 0.52, p < 0.01) Flexibility (whole sample): r = 0.16, p < 0.05 (male r = 0.21, p < 0.05; female r = 0.41, p < 0.01) |
|
| De Meester et al. [36]b | Cross-sectional |
Sample 215 adolescents (male n = 142; female n = 73) Mean age 13.64 ± 0.58 years Age range 12.42–14.92 years |
Overall competence KTK [124] |
Product |
Self-reported physical activity Flemish Physical Activity Questionnaire [149] |
Motivation Dutch version of Behavioural Regulation in Physical Education Questionnaire [156] Perceived motor competence Sport/athletic competence subscale [161] of the of the Children and Youth Physical Self-Perception Profile (Dutch version) [162] |
Overall motor competence Perceived motor competence: r = 0.30, p < 0.01 Autonomous motivation: r = 0.20, p < 0.01 Minutes per week engaging in MVPA: r = 0.09, p > 0.05 |
|
| Deprez et al. [80]a | Longitudinal |
Sample 162 Flemish male youth soccer players Mean age at baseline 12.2 ± 1.3 years |
3 subsets of the KTK [124]: Moving sideways, backward balancing, and jumping sideways | Product |
Cardiovascular endurance Yo-yo intermittent recovery test level 1 |
Stability/balance competence Cardiovascular endurance: r = 0.21, p-value not reported |
||
| Estevan et al. [98] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 236 students Mean age 13.01 ± 0.72 years Age range 11–14 years |
Overall competence KTK [124] |
Product |
Perceived motor competence Pictorial Scale of Perceived Motor Skill Competence [160]; separate scale for male and female individuals Self-determined motivation for physical education Spanish version of the Perceived Locus of Causality Scale [157] |
Overall competence Perceived motor competence: r = 0.37 Motivation: r = 0.15 p-Values not reported |
||
| Estevan et al. [68] | Validity and reliability |
Sample 904 adolescent students (47.6% female) n = 91 completed the actual motor competence assessment Age range 11–14 years |
Overall competence KTK [124] |
Product |
Perceived motor competence Pictorial Scale of Perceived Motor Skill Competence in Stability Skills [68] and Pictorial Scale of Perceived Motor Skill Competence [160] |
Overall motor competence Perceived stability competence: r = 0.51, p < 0.01 Perceived locomotor competence r = 0.47, p < 0.01 Perceived object control competence r = 0.32, p < 0.01 |
||
| Fu and Burns [121] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 66 sixth grade students (36 girls, 30 boys) Mean age 11.6 ± 0.5 years |
Overall competence TGMD-3 [141] |
Process |
School daily step count Yamax DigiWalker CW600 (Tokyo, Japan) pedometers |
Perceived motor competence Perceived Competence Scale for Children [170] Physical activity enjoyment Sport Enjoyment Scale [174] Self-efficacy 6-item scale [176] |
Overall competence School daily step count: r = 0.33, p < 0.05 Perceived motor competence: r = 0.37, p < 0.05 Physical activity enjoyment: r = − 0.08, p > 0.05 Self-efficacy: r = − 0.12, p > 0.05 |
|
| Gísladóttir et al. [108] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 94 adolescent secondary school students (46 girls, 48 boys) Mean age Whole group = 15.9 ± 0.30 years Male = 15.8 ± 0.30 years Female = 15.9 ± 0.30 years |
Overall competence Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) [136] |
Product |
Composite fitness score Test of physical fitness [217, 218]: standing broad jump, 20-m sprint, reduced Cooper run EUROFIT: sit-and-reach [213] |
Overall competence (whole sample) Composite fitness score: r = 0.25, p < 0.05 Overall competence (male) Composite fitness score: r = 0.28, p > 0.05 Overall competence (female) Composite fitness score: r = 0.35, p < 0.05 |
||
| Gísladóttir et al. [57] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 101 adolescents (94 adolescents completed all measures; male n = 48; female n = 46) Mean age 15.9 ± 3.63 years (male = 15.9 ± 3.63 years; female = 15.8 ± 3.63 years) Age range 15.4–16.3 years |
Overall competence |
Product |
Composite fitness score Three assessments from the test of physical fitness [218]: standing broad jump, 20-m sprint, reduced Cooper run; one test from the EUROFIT test battery [213]: sit and reach |
Overall competence (MABC-2; whole sample) Composite fitness score: r = 0.28, p < 0.01 Overall competence (MABC-2; female) Composite fitness score: r = 0.35, p < 0.01 Overall competence (MABC-2; male) Composite fitness score: r = 0.33, p < 0.05 Overall competence (TMC; whole sample) Composite fitness score: r = − 0.36, p < 0.01) Overall competence (TMC; female) Composite fitness score: r = − 0.34, p < 0.05 Overall competence (TMC; male) Composite fitness score: r = − 0.40, p < 0.01 |
||
| Gu et al. [93] | Prospective study design across one academic year |
Sample 279 adolescents (female n = 148; male n = 131) Mean age 12.49 ± 0.89 years |
Sports-specific competence Physical education Metrics battery [132] |
Process |
Weight status BMI Muscular endurance Abdominal curl-ups, 90-degree push-ups Cardiovascular endurance PACER test Flexibility Sit and reach |
Sports-specific competence Weight status: r = − 0.15, p < 0.01 Muscular endurance: r = 0.36, p < 0.01 Cardiovascular endurance: r = 0.38, p < 0.01 Flexibility: r = − 0.07, p > 0.05 |
||
| Gu et al. [94]c | Prospective study design across one academic year |
Sample 330 middle school students (male n = 154; female n = 176) Mean age 12.52 ± 0.86 years |
Individual elements of sports-specific competence PE Metrics battery [132]: volleyball, soccer, frisbee competence |
Process |
School-based MVPA Accelerometery (actical activity monitors) |
Weight status BMI Muscular endurance Abdominal curl-ups, 90-degree push-ups Cardiovascular endurance PACER test Flexibility Sit and reach |
Volleyball competence School-based MVPA: r = 0.26, p < 0.01 Weight status: r = 0.01, p > 0.05 Muscular endurance: r = 0.25, p < 0.01 Cardiovascular endurance: r = 0.23, p < 0.01 Soccer competence School based MVPA: r = 0.33, p < 0.01 Weight status: r = − 0.14, p < 0.05 Muscular endurance: r = 0.20, p < 0.01 Cardiovascular endurance: r = 0.27, p < 0.01 Frisbee competence School based MVPA: r = 0.25, p < 0.01 Weight status: r = − 0.05, p > 0.05 Muscular endurance: r = 0.16, p < 0.01 Cardiovascular endurance: r = 0.31, p < 0.01 |
|
| Hands et al. [74] | Cross-sectional study of wider longitudinal study from birth |
Sample 1585 adolescents (female n = 771; male n = 814) Mean age 14.1 ± 0.2 years |
Overall competence McCarron Assessment of Neuromuscular Development (MAND) [134] |
Combined |
Mean daily step count Yamax digiwalker SW200 pedometers |
Six measures from the Australian fitness education award [219] Weight status BMI Muscular endurance Curl-ups Muscular strength Chest pass Cardiovascular endurance Physical work capacity 170 test Flexibility Sit and reach |
Overall competence Physical activity (female): r = − 0.01, p > 0.05 Physical activity (male): r = − 0.01, p > 0.05 Weight status (female): r = − 0.13, p < 0.01 Weight status (male): r = − 0.08, p < 0.05 Muscular endurance (female): r = 0.27, p < 0.01 Muscular endurance (male): r = 0.37, p < 0.01 Muscular strength (female): r = 0.33, p < 0.01 Muscular strength (male): r = 0.43, p < 0.01 Cardiovascular endurance (female): r = 0.15, p < 0.01 Cardiovascular endurance (male): r = 0.22, p < 0.01 Flexibility (sit and reach left leg; female): r = 0.23, p < 0.01 Flexibility (sit and reach left leg; male): r = 0.25, p < 0.01 Flexibility (sit and reach right leg; female): r = 0.22, p < 0.01 Flexibility (sit and reach right leg; male): r = 0.28, p < 0.01 Flexibility (sit and reach both legs; female): r = 0.22, p < 0.01 Flexibility (sit and reach both legs; male): r = 0.26, p < 0.01 |
|
| Haugen et al. [88] | Cross-sectional study of 9th graders in 2005 and 2008 |
Sample 1839 students (female n = 889; male n = 950) Age 15 years |
Stability/balance competence One subset (side-to-side jump) of the KTK [124] |
Product |
Self-reported physical activity Unreferenced self-reported physical activity questionnaire |
Weight status BMI Muscular power Standing broad jump Muscular strength Push-up test Cardiovascular endurance Multi-stage fitness test Flexibility Sit and reach |
Perceived motor competence Norwegian version of Harter’s Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents [165, 166] |
Stability/balance competence (female) Self-reported physical activity: r = 0.26, p < 0.01 Weight status: r = − 0.25, p < 0.01 Muscular strength: r = 0.40, p < 0.01 Muscular power: r = 0.50, p < 0.01 Cardiovascular endurance: r = 0.48, p < 0.01 Flexibility: r = 0.23, p < 0.01 Perceived motor competence: r = 0.34, p < 0.01 Stability/balance competence (male) Self-reported physical activity: r = 0.09, p < 0.01 Weight status: r = − 0.25, p < 0.01 Muscular strength: r = 0.37, p < 0.01 Muscular power: r = 0.38, p < 0.01 Cardiovascular endurance: r = 0.37, p < 0.01 Flexibility: r = 0.10, p < 0.05 Perceived motor competence: r = 0.28, p < 0.01 |
| Herrmann and Seelig [109]c | Cross-sectional |
Sample 310 students (147 boys, 163 girls) Mean age 11.26 ± 0.49 years |
Individual elements of motor competence Motorische Basiskompetenzen (MOBAK) [142–144]: Throwing, catching, bouncing, dribbling, balancing, rolling, skipping, running |
Product |
Perceived motor competence Selbstwahrnehmung der motorischen Kompetenz (SEMOK) [109] |
Throwing competence Perceived throwing competence: r = 0.30, p < 0.01 Catching competence Perceived catching competence: r = 0.42, p < 0.01 Bouncing competence Perceived bouncing competence: r = 0.29, p < 0.01 Dribbling competence Perceived dribbling competence: r = 0.37, p < 0.01 Balancing competence Perceived balancing competence: r = 0.33, p < 0.01 Rolling competence Perceived rolling competence: r = 0.52, p < 0.01 Skipping competence Perceived skipping competence: r = 0.44, p < 0.01 Running competence Perceived running competence: r = 0.10, p > 0.05 |
||
| Huhtiniemi et al. [99] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 645 participants Grade 5 n = 328 (50% male); grade 8 n = 317 (47.3% male) Mean age Grade 5 = 11.2 ± 0.36; grade 8 = 14.2 ± 0.35 |
Locomotor competence 5-leaps test [220] Object control Throwing and catching combination test [220] |
Product |
Cardiovascular endurance PACER test Muscular endurance Curl-ups and press-ups |
Enjoyment The Finnish version of the Enjoyment subscale of the Sport Commitment Questionnaire-2 (SCQ-2) [221] Anxiety The Finnish version of the Physical Education State Anxiety Scale (PESAS) [222] Perceived motor competence Finnish version of the sport competence dimension in the Physical Self-Perception Profile [159] |
Motor competence (i.e. locomotor/object control) only correlated with psychosocial and muscular endurance measures during analysis Locomotor competence Enjoyment: r = 0.07, p > 0.05 Cognitive processes: r = − 0.08, p > 0.05 Somatic anxiety: r = − 0.14, p < 0.01 Worry: r = − 0.13, p < 0.01 Perceived motor competence: r = 0.27, p < 0.01 Curl-ups: r = 0.28, p < 0.01 Push-ups: r = 0.44, p < 0.01 Object control competence Enjoyment: r = 0.21, p < 0.01 Cognitive processes: r = − 0.20, p < 0.01 Somatic anxiety: r = − 0.12, p < 0.01 Worry: r = − 0.11, p < 0.01 Perceived motor competence: r = 0.36, p < 0.01 Curl-ups: r = 0.28, p < 0.001 Push-ups: r = 0.32, p < 0.001 |
|
| Hulteen et al. [110] | Validity and reliability |
Sample 109 students; 55 boys, 54 girls Mean age All = 15.82 ± 0.37 years Male = 15.85 ± 0.31 years Female = 15.79 ± 0.43 years Mean height All = 170.82 ± 8.92 cm Male = 176.60 ± 7.30 cm Female = 164.94 ± 6.17 cm Mean body mass All = 67.68 ± 13.27 kg Male = 70.05 ± 13.67 kg Female = 65.17 ± 12.48 kg Mean BMI All = 23.11 ± 3.99 kg∙m2 Male = 22.43 ± 4.13 kg∙m2 Female = 23.84 ± 3.73 kg∙m2 |
Overall competence Life-Long Physical Activity Skills Battery [145] |
Process |
Moderate-vigorous physical activity (min/day) GENEActiv wrist-worn accelerometers (Model GAT04, Activinsights Ltd, Cambridgeshire, England) |
Weight status BMI Muscular power Standing long jump [223] Muscular endurance 90° push-up test [175] Cardiovascular endurance 3-min step test [224] Flexibility Back-saver sit and reach [225] |
Overall competence MVPA (min/day): r = 0.21, p > 0.05 BMI Z-score: r = − 0.12, p > 0.05 Muscular power: r = 0.43, p < 0.01 Muscular endurance: r = 0.30, p < 0.01 Cardiovascular endurance: r = 0.32, p < 0.01 Flexibility: r = 0.14, p > 0.05 |
|
| Huotari et al. [58] | Cross-sectional (two separate samples at 2 different timepoints) |
2003 sample 2348 (male n = 1167; female n = 1181) 2010 sample 1290 (male n = 656; female n = 634) Mean age (male) 2003 sample = 15.2 ± 0.4 years; 2010 sample = 15.3 ± 0.4 years Mean age (female) 2003 sample = 15.1 ± 0.3 years; 2010 sample = 15.2 ± 0.4 years Mean height (male) 2003 sample = 174.3 ± 7.0 cm; 2010 sample = 175.7 ± 7.7 cm Mean height (female) 2003 sample = 164.4 ± 5.9 cm; 2010 sample = 165.3 ± 6.3 cm Mean body mass (male) 2003 sample = 64.2 ± 10.8 kg; 2010 sample = 66.9 ± 12.3 kg Mean body mass (female) 2003 sample = 56.2 ± 8.8 kg; 2010 sample = 57.2 ± 9.9 kg |
Object control competence Figure 8 dribble test [226] Stability/balance competence Lateral jumping test from the KTK [124] Locomotor and stability competence Motor coordination track test [227] Overall competence All measures combined to form an FMS index |
Product |
Self-reported physical activity Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire [150] |
Weight status BMI |
Overall competence Organised physical activity: 2003 sample r = 0.42, p < 0.01; 2010 sample r = 0.45, p < 0.001 Unorganised physical activity: 2003 sample r = 0.27, p < 0.01; 2010 sample r = 0.19, p < 0.01 Physical activity index: 2003 sample r = 0.29, p < 0.01; 2010 sample r = 0.30, p < 0.01 Weight status: 2003 sample r = − 0.13, p < 0.01; 2010 sample r = − 0.19, p < 0.01 Object control competence Organised physical activity: 2003 sample; r = 0.44, p < 0.01; 2010 sample r = 0.44, p < 0.01 Unorganised physical activity: 2003 sample r = 0.21, p < 0.01; 2010 sample r = 0.19, p < 0.01 Physical activity index: 2003 sample r = 0.22, p < 0.01; 2010 sample r = 0.19, p < 0.01 Weight status: 2003 sample r = − 0.07, p < 0.05; 2010 sample r = − 0.13, p < 0.01 Stability/balance competence Organised physical activity: 2003 sample r = 0.29, p < 0.01; 2010 sample r = 0.37, p < 0.01 Unorganised physical activity: 2003 sample r = 0.21, p < 0.01; 2010 sample r = 0.14, p < 0.01 Physical activity index: 2003 sample r = 0.20, p < 0.01; 2010 sample r = 0.26, p < 0.01 Weight status: 2003 sample r = − 0.14, p < 0.01. 2010 sample r = − 0.14, p < 0.01 Locomotor and stability/balance competence Organised physical activity: 2003 sample r = 0.32, p < 0.01; 2010 sample r = 0.29, p < 0.01 Unorganised physical activity: 2003 sample r = 0.22, p < 0.01; 2010 sample r = 0.18, p < 0.01 Physical activity index: 2003 sample r = 0.27, p < 0.01; 2010 sample r = 0.29, p < 0.01 Weight status: 2003 sample r = − 0.21, p < 0.01; 2010 sample r = − 0.20, p < 0.01 |
|
| Jaakkola et al. [87]a | Cross-sectional |
Sample 152 grade 7 Finnish students (female n = 76; male n = 76) Age 13 years |
Locomotor competence Leaping test [228] Object control competence Accuracy of throwing [229] Stability/balance competence Flamingo standing test [213] |
Product |
Self-reported physical activity Unreferenced self-reported physical activity questionnaire |
Locomotor competence (male) Self-reported physical activity (leisure): r = 0.18, p > 0.05 Self-reported physical activity (sports club): r = 0.37, p < 0.01) Self-reported physical activity (TV/computer time): r = − 0.28, p < 0.05) Locomotor competence (female) Self-reported physical activity (leisure): r = 0.26, p < 0.05 Self-reported physical activity (sports club): r = 0.55, p < 0.01 Self-reported physical activity (tv/computer time): r = − 0.14, p > 0.05 Object control competence (male) Self-reported physical activity (leisure): r = 0.08, p > 0.05 Self-reported physical activity (sports club): r = 0.19, p > 0.05 Self-reported physical activity (TV/computer time): r = 0.09, p > 0.05) Object control competence (female) Self-reported physical activity (leisure): r = − 0.03, p > 0.05 Self-reported physical activity (sports club): r = 0.10, p > 0.05 Self-reported physical activity (tv/computer time): r = 0.05, p > 0.05 Stability/balance competence (male) Self-reported physical activity (leisure): r = 0.10, p > 0.05 Self-reported physical activity (sports club): r = 0.43, p < 0.01 Self-reported physical activity (tv/computer time): r = 0.22, p > 0.05 Stability/balance competence (female) Self-reported physical activity (leisure): r = 0.18, p > 0.05 Self-reported physical activity (sports club): r = 0.48, p < 0.01 Self-reported physical activity (tv/computer time): r = − 0.03; p > 0.05 |
||
| Jaakkola and Washington [112]c | Longitudinal |
Sample 152 grade 7 Finnish students (girls n = 66, boys n = 86) Age 13 years |
A combination of individual measures [213, 228, 230] Stability/balance competence Flamingo standing test, rolling test Locomotor competence Leaping test, shuttle running test, rope jumping test Object control competence Figure 8 dribbling test, accuracy throwing test |
Product |
Self-reported physical activity The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Survey [151] |
Flamingo standing test Female days/week physically active: r = 0.04, p > 0.05 Male days/week physically active: r = 0.04, p > 0.05 Rolling Female days/week physically active: r = 0.08, p > 0.05 Male days/week physically active: r = 0.11, p > 0.05 Shuttle running Female days/week physically active: r = 0.10, p > 0.05 Male days/week physically active: r = 0.15, p > 0.05 Rope jumping Female days/week physically active: r = 0.08, p > 0.05 Male days/week physically active: r = 0.07, p > 0.05 Leaping Female days/week physically active: r = 0.03, p > 0.05 Male days/week physically active: r = 0.05, p > 0.05 Accuracy throwing Female days/week physically active: r = 0.14, p > 0.05 Male days/week physically active: r = 0.10, p > 0.05 Figure 8 dribbling Female days/week physically active: r = 0.06, p > 0.05 Male days/week physically active: r = 0.01, p > 0.05 |
||
| Jaakkola et al. [114] | Longitudinal |
Sample 333 grade 7 students (female n = 200, male n = 133) Mean age Total = 12.41 ± 0.27 years Female = 12.38 ± 0.25 years Male = 12.60 ± 0.31 years Mean height Total = 159.01 ± 7.36 cm Female = 159.17 ± 6.45 cm Male = 158.85 ± 8.20 cm Mean body mass Total = 48.49 ± 10.08 kg Female = 48.04 ± 9.59 kg Male = 48.91 ± 10.53 kg Mean BMI Total = 19.15 ± 3.27 kg∙m2 Female = 18.96 ± 3.20 kg∙m2 Male = 19.33 ± 3.33 kg∙m2 |
Locomotor competence Leaping test [231] Object control competence Figure 8 dribble test [226] Stability/balance Flamingo standing test [213] |
Product |
Self-reported physical activity International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ) [152] |
Composite fitness score 12-min Cooper run (male) or 1500 m run (female), and curl-up test [228, 232] |
Overall competence Light physical activity: r = 0.27, p < 0.01 Moderate physical activity: r = 0.27, p < 0.01 Vigorous physical activity: r = 0.43, p < 0.01 Composite fitness: r = 0.23, p < 0.01 BMI: r = − 0.05, p > 0.05 |
|
| Jaakkola et al. [111] | Longitudinal |
Sample 336 students (163 girls and 173 boys) Mean age All = 12.03 ± 0.38 years |
A combination of individual measures Locomotor competence 5-leap test [228] Object control competence Throwing and catching combination test [220] |
Product |
Moderate-physical physical activity (min/day) Accelerometers (Actigraph GT3X + or wGT3X +) |
Locomotor competence Female MVPA: r = 0.24, p < 0.01 Male MVPA: r = 0.22, p < 0.05 Object control competence Female MVPA: r = 0.18, p > 0.05 Male MVPA: r = 0.25, p < 0.05 |
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| Jaakkola et al. [113] | Longitudinal |
Sample 491 Finnish physical education students (girls = 275, boys = 216) Mean age Total = 11.26 ± 0.33 years Female = 11.26 ± 0.33 years Male = 11.27 ± 0.33 years Mean height Total = 148.35 ± 6.83 cm Female = 148.07 ± 7.18 cm Male = 148.49 ± 6.36 cm Mean body mass Total = 41.64 ± 8.94 kg Female = 41.34 ± 8.57 kg Male = 42.03 ± 9.40 kg Mean BMI Total BMI = 18.82 ± 3.06 kg∙m2 Female = 18.74 ± 2.96 kg∙m2 Male = 18.92 ± 3.19 kg∙m2 |
A combination of individual measures Locomotor competence 5-leaps test [220] Object control competence Throwing-catching combination test [220] Stability/balance competence Two-legged jumping from side-to-side test [124] |
Product |
Moderate-physical physical activity (min/day) Accelerometers (Actigraph GT3X +) |
Muscular endurance Curl-ups and press-ups [220] Cardiovascular endurance PACER test [233] |
Locomotor competence Female MVPA: r = 0.28, p < 0.01 Female muscular endurance: r = 0.56, p < 0.01 Female cardiovascular endurance: r = 0.60, p < 0.01 Male MVPA: r = 0.39, p < 0.01 Male muscular endurance: r = 0.47, p < 0.01 Male cardiovascular endurance: r = 0.61, p < 0.01 Object control competence Female MVPA: r = 0.24, p < 0.01 Female muscular endurance: r = 0.33, p < 0.01 Female cardiovascular endurance: r = 0.45, p < 0.01 Male MVPA: r = 0.41, p < 0.01 Male muscular endurance: r = 0.36, p < 0.01 Male cardiovascular endurance: r = 0.55, p < 0.01 Stability/balance competence Female MVPA: r = 0.26, p < 0.01 Female muscular endurance: r = 0.55, p < 0.01 Female cardiovascular endurance: r = 0.49, p < 0.01 Male MVPA: r = 0.33, p < 0.01 Male muscular endurance: r = 0.48, p < 0.01 Male cardiovascular endurance: r = 0.58, p < 0.01 |
|
| Jekauc et al. [115]a | Longitudinal |
Sample 698 German adolescents (335 boys and 363 girls) Mean age 14.2 ± 2.0 years |
A combination of individual measures Stability/balance competence Jumping side to side, single leg stance, and backward balancing (unreferenced) |
Product |
Self-reported physical activity MoMo Physical Activity Questionnaire (MoMo-PAQ) for adolescents [153] |
Muscular power Standing long jump [234] Muscular strength Push -p test [235] Cardiovascular endurance Physical Working Capacity 170 cycle ergometry test [236, 237] Flexibility Singular forward bend (unreferenced) |
Perceived motor competence (measured at follow-up only) |
No correlation or multiple regression data at baseline |
| Kalaja et al. [55] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 316 Finnish grade 7 students (female n = 162; male n = 154) Age 13 years |
Locomotor competence Leaping test [228] Object control competence Figure 8 dribble test [226] Stability/balance competence Flamingo standing test [213] |
Product |
Self-reported physical activity Unreferenced self-reported physical activity questionnaire. Final score was expressed as the number of minutes per week engaging in physical activity |
Motivation Sports Motivation Scale (Finnish version) [155] Perceived motor competence Sports Competence Subscale of the Physical Self-Perception Profile (Finnish version) [158, 159] |
Locomotor competence Self-reported physical activity: r = 0.08, p > 0.05 Motivation: r = 0.15, p < 0.01 Perceived competence: r = − 0.22, p < 0.01 Object control competence Self-reported physical activity: r = 0.10, p > 0.05 Motivation: r = 0.07, p > 0.05 Perceived competence: r = − 0.22, p < 0.01 Stability/balance competence Self-reported physical activity: r = − 0.04, p > 0.05 Motivation: r = − 0.20, p < 0.01 Perceived competence: r = 0.15, p < 0.01 |
|
| Kalaja et al. [85] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 370 grade 7 students (female n = 189; male n = 181) Mean age 13.08 ± 0.25 years |
Locomotor competence Leaping test [231] Object control competence Figure 8 dribble test [226] Stability/balance Flamingo standing test [213] |
Product |
Motivation Sports Motivation Scale (Finnish version) [155] Perceived motor competence Sports Competence Subscale of the Physical Self-Perception Profile (Finnish version) [158, 159] |
Locomotor competence Motivation: r = 0.15, p < 0.01 Perceived motor competence: r = 0.22, p < 0.001 Object control competence Motivation: r = 0.10, p > 0.05 Perceived motor competence: r = 0.22, p < 0.001 Stability/balance competence Motivation: r = 0.20, p < 0.001 Perceived motor competence: r = 0.15, p < 0.01 |
||
| Kokstejn et al. [97] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 40 U12 male soccer players Mean age 11.5 ± 0.3 years Mean height 145 ± 7 cm Mean body mass 37.2 ± 4.1 kg |
Overall competence Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 short form (BOT-2 short) [128] |
Product |
Composite fitness score |
Overall competence Composite fitness score: r = 0.50, p < 0.01 |
||
| Kovac et al. [101] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 258 female volleyball players Mean age 14.3 ± 1.7 years Mean height 168.1 ± 8.4 cm Mean body mass 58.3 ± 10.0 kg |
Overall competence |
Process |
Weight status BMI |
Overall competence BMI: r = 0.04, p > 0.05 Deep squat BMI: r = − 0.12, p < 0.05 Hurdle step BMI: r = − 0.11, p > 0.05 In line lunge BMI: r = − 0.04, p > 0.05 Shoulder mobility BMI: r = 0.01, p > 0.05 Active straight leg raise BMI: r = 0.13, p < 0.05 Trunk stability push-up BMI: r = 0.14, p < 0.05 Rotary stability BMI: r = 0.03, p > 0.05 |
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| Kramer et al. [86] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 56 high school athletes (male n = 28; female n = 28) Mean age 16.4 ± 0.1 (male = 16.8 ± 0.9 years; female = 16.0 ± 0.9 years) Mean height Male = 177.4 ± 8.6 cm; female = 165.2 ± 8.1 cm Mean body mass Male = 78.2 ± 18.0 kg; female = 58.7 ± 8.0 kg |
Overall competence Functional Movement Screen™ [129, 130] Stability/balance competence Y-balance test [131] |
Combined with scores separated for process (Functional Movement Screen™) and product (Y-balance test) measurements |
Muscular power Standing long jump, vertical jump Agility Pro agility test |
Overall competence (process; male) Muscular power (standing long jump): r = 0.25, p > 0.05 Muscular power (vertical jump): r = 0.26, p > 0.05 Agility: r = − 0.44, p < 0.05) Overall competence (process; female) Muscular power (standing long jump): r = − 0.23, p > 0.05 Muscular power (vertical jump): r = − 0.25, p > 0.05 Agility: r = − 0.08, p > 0.05 Stability/balance competence (product; male) Muscular power (standing long jump): r = 0.00, p > 0.05 Muscular power (vertical jump): r = 0.14, p > 0.05 Agility: r = − 0.10, p > 0.05 Stability/balance competence (product; female) Muscular power (standing long jump): r = 0.07, p > 0.05 Muscular power (vertical jump): r = − 0.19, p > 0.05 Agility: r = − 0.45, p < 0.05 |
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| Lloyd et al. [118] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 33 male academy football players Mean age Under 11 = 11.2 years ± 0.5 years Under 13 = 13.2 years ± 0.2 years Under 16 = 15.6 years ± 0.7 years Mean height Under 11 = 146.0 ± 4.7 cm Under 13 = 157.6 ± 9.0 cm Under 16 = 177.0 ± 4.1 cm Mean body mass Under 11 = 72.0 ± 2.9 kg Under 13 = 75.8 ± 5.5 kg Under 16 = 87.5 ± 2.6 kg |
Overall competence |
Process |
Muscular power Squat jump test (jump height) and maximal rebounding rest (for reactive strength index) [240] Reactive agility Reactive agility test [241] |
Overall competence Squat jump: r = 0.66, p < 0.01 Reactive strength index: r = 0.74, p < 0.01 Reactive agility: r = − 0.54, p < 0.01 Dowel overhead squat: Squat jump: r = 0.49, p < 0.01 Reactive strength index: r = 0.57, p < 0.01 Reactive agility: r = − 0.40, p < 0.05 In line lunge Squat jump: r = 0.43, p < 0.01 Reactive strength index: r = 0.70, p < 0.01 Reactive agility: r = − 0.60, p < 0.05 Hurdle step Squat jump: r = 0.43, p > 0.05 Reactive strength index: r = 0.46, p < 0.01 Reactive agility: r = − 0.27, p > 0.05 Active straight leg raise Squat jump: r = 0.58, p < 0.01 Reactive strength index: r = 0.65, p < 0.01 Reactive agility: r = − 0.59, p < 0.01 Shoulder mobility Squat jump: r = 0.40, p < 0.01 Reactive strength index: r = 0.50, p < 0.01 Reactive agility: r = − 0.35, p > 0.05 |
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| Lopes et al. [116]a | Longitudinal |
Sample 103 adolescents (53 female) Mean age 13.49 ± 0.87 years Mean BMI 20.16 ± 3.34 kg∙m2 |
Overall competence KTK [124] |
Product |
Objective physical activity Accelerometers (ActiGraph GT1M) |
Weight status BMI |
Overall competence at baseline Light physical activity at follow-up: β = − 0.24, p = > 0.05 Moderate physical activity at follow-up: β = 0.02, p > 0.05 Moderate-vigorous physical activity at follow-up: β = 0.05, p < 0.05 Vigorous physical activity at follow-up: β = 0.02, p < 0.05 Total physical activity at follow-up: β = 0.01, p > 0.05 |
|
| Lubans et al. [66] | Validity and reliability |
Sample 63 adolescent school students (44 male and 19 female) Mean age 14.5 ± 1.2 years Mean height 1.67 ± 0.09 m Mean body mass 59.3 ± 11.3 kg |
Overall competence: Resistance Training Skills Battery (RTSB) [66] | Process |
Composite fitness score Muscular fitness score (summed standardised scores from a handgrip test, timed push-up test, standing long jump test) |
Overall motor competence Composite fitness score: r = 0.40, p < 0.01 |
||
| McGrane et al. [70] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 395 adolescents (male n = 199; female n = 196) n = 309 completed FMS and PSCS (male n = 157; female n = 152) Mean age 13.78 ± 1.2 years |
Overall competence 12 measures from the TGMD-2 [127]: run, hop, gallop, slide, leap, horizontal jump, catch, kick, throw, dribble, strike and roll. Two measures from the TGMD [126]: skip and vertical jump. One measure from the Victorian FMS Manual [125]: balance |
Process |
Perceived motor competence Physical Self-Confidence Scale [177] |
Overall competence Perceived motor competence (whole sample): r = 0.22, p < 0.01 Perceived motor competence (female): r = 0.31, p < 0.01 Perceived motor competence (male): r = 0.101, p > 0.05 |
||
| McGrane et al. [75]a | Cross-sectional |
Sample 584 adolescents (male n = 278, female n = 306) Mean age 13.78 ± 0.42 years Age range 12.82–15.25 years |
Locomotor competence, object control competence, stability/balance competence 12 measures from the TGMD-2 [127]: run, hop, gallop, slide, leap, horizontal jump, catch, kick, throw, dribble, strike and roll. Two measures from the TGMD [126]: skip and vertical jump. One measure from the Victorian FMS Manual [125]: balance |
Process |
Mean daily minutes spent engaging in moderate-vigorous physical activity Actigraph GT1M, GT3X, or GT3X + accelerometers |
Perceived motor competence Physical Self-Confidence Scale [177] |
Locomotor competence Perceived locomotor competence: β = − 0.01, SE = 0.03, 95% CI − 0.07, 0.06, p > 0.05 MVPA: β = 0.54, SE = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.03, 1.05, p < 0.05 Object control competence Perceived object control competence: β = 0.05, SE = 0.03, 95% CI − 0.02, 0.12, p > 0.05 MVPA: β = 0.16, SE = 0.28, 95% CI − 0.40, 0.71, p > 0.05 Stability/balance competence Perceived stability/balance competence: β = 0.07, SE = 0.48, 95% CI − 0.03, 0.18, p > 0.05 MVPA: β = − 0.45, SE = 0.51, 95% CI − 1.46, 0.55, p > 0.05 |
|
| McGrane et al. [117]a | 1-year randomised controlled trial |
Sample 482 adolescents (intervention group: female = 120, male = 116; control: female = 116, male = 130) Mean age Intervention = 12.77 ± 0.41 years Control = 12.78 ± 0.42 years Mean BMI Intervention = 20.43 ± 3.30 kg∙m2 Control = 19.79 ± 3.02 kg∙m2 |
Locomotor competence, object control competence, stability/balance competence 12 measures from the TGMD-2 [127]: run, hop, gallop, slide, leap, horizontal jump, catch, kick, throw, dribble, strike and roll. Two measures from the TGMD [126]: skip and vertical jump. One measure from the Victorian FMS Manual [125]: balance |
Process |
Mean daily minutes spent engaging in moderate-vigorous physical activity ActiGraph GT1M, GT3X, or GT3X + accelerometers |
Cardiovascular endurance Queens College 3-min step test [242] |
Overall competence Intervention × weight status (normal weight): β = 4.07, p < 0.01 Intervention × weight status (overweight/obese): β = 4.04, p < 0.01 Intervention × physical activity level (active): β = 4.03, p < 0.01 Intervention × physical activity level (active): β = 4.06, p < 0.01 Locomotor competence Intervention × weight status (normal weight): β = 1.65, p < 0.05 Intervention × weight status (overweight/obese): β = 2.25, p < 0.01 Intervention × physical activity level (active): β = 2.18, p = 0.01 Intervention × physical activity level (active): β = 2.07, p < 0.01 Object control competence Intervention × weight status (normal weight): β = 2.41, p < 0.01 Intervention × weight status (overweight/obese): β = 1.95, p < 0.01 Intervention × physical activity level (active): β = 1.95, p = 0.01 Intervention × physical activity level (active): β = 2.13, p < 0.01 |
|
| Nikolaos [69]a | Cross-sectional |
Sample 22 amateur male basketball players Mean age 15.33 ± 0.48 years Mean height 174.38 ± 9.03 cm Mean body mass 72.56 ± 16.07 kg |
Stability/balance competence Unreferenced measure: time taken to complete a full clockwise rotation of single leg hops around 9 boxes in a 3 × 3 m grid on each leg |
Product |
Weight status Body fat %, BMI (bioelectrical impedance) Muscular endurance Mean of 15 continuous jumps Muscular power Vertical jump Speed 10-m sprint |
Stability/balance competence (left leg) BMI: r = 0.36, p < 0.10 Speed: r = 0.71, p < 0.01 No data available for body fat %, muscular endurance, muscular power Stability/balance competence (right leg) Body fat %: r = 0.42, p < 0.05 BMI: r = 0.45, p < 0.05 Muscular endurance: r = − 0.42, p < 0.05 Muscular power: r = − 0.42, p < 0.05 Speed: r = 0.71, p < 0.01 |
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| Nunez-Gaunaurd et al. [84]a | Cross-sectional |
Sample 86 middle school children (male n = 47; female n = 39) Mean age 12.22 ± 1.0 years |
Overall competence BOT-2 short [128] |
Product |
Frequency, intensity and duration of physical activity 7-day accelerometery (StepWatch step activity monitor) |
Weight status BMI Muscular endurance Timed sit-to-stand test [243] Cardiovascular endurance 6-min walk test [244] Functional mobility Timed up-and-down stairs test [245] |
Overall competence Weight status (healthy weight group): r = 0.02, p > 0.05 Weight status (overweight and obese group): r = − 0.47, p < 0.05 |
|
| O’Brien et al. [91] | Cross-sectional study of baseline data from longitudinal study |
Sample 85 adolescents (male n = 54; female n = 31) Mean age 12.86 years (male = 12.94 ± 0.33 years; female = 12.75 ± 0.43 years) Mean body mass Male = 51.14 ± 11.75 kg; female = 47.60 ± 9.48 kg |
Overall competence, locomotor competence, object control competence, stability/balance competence One measure from TGMD [126]: skip; 12 measures from TGMD-2 [127]: run, gallop, hop, leap, horizontal jump, slide, striking a stationary ball, stationary dribble, catch, kick, overhand throw, underhand roll; two measures from Get Skilled Get Active [133]: vertical jump, static balance |
Process |
Mean daily minutes spent in moderate-vigorous PA Actigraph GT1M or GT3X accelerometers |
Weight status BMI |
Overall competence (male) Moderate physical activity minutes per day: r = − 0.13, p > 0.05 Vigorous physical activity minutes per day: r = 0.01, p > 0.05 MVPA minutes per day: r = − 0.06, p > 0.05 Weight status: r = − 0.45, p < 0.01 Overall competence (female) Moderate physical activity minutes per day: r = 0.08, p > 0.05 Vigorous physical activity minutes per day: r = 0.36, p < 0.05 MVPA minutes per day: r = 0.24, p > 0.05 Weight status: r = − 0.27, p > 0.05 Locomotor competence (male) Moderate physical activity minutes per day: r = − 0.07, p > 0.05 Vigorous physical activity minutes per day: r = 0.06, p > 0.05 MVPA minutes per day: r = 0.01, p > 0.05 Weight status: r = − 0.37, p < 0.01 Locomotor competence (female) Moderate physical activity minutes per day: r = 0.14, p > 0.05 Vigorous physical activity minutes per day: r = 0.37, p < 0.05 MVPA minutes per day: r = 0.28, p > 0.05 Weight status: r = − 0.34, p < 0.05 Object control competence (male) Moderate physical activity minutes per day: r = − 0.23, p > 0.05 Vigorous physical activity minutes per day: r = − 0.07, p > 0.05 MVPA minutes per day: r = − 0.15, p > 0.05 Weight status: r = − 0.17, p > 0.05 Object control competence (female) Moderate physical activity minutes per day: r = 0.06, p > 0.05 Vigorous physical activity minutes per day: r = 0.25, p > 0.05 MVPA minutes per day: r = 0.17, p > 0.05 Weight status: r = 0.06, p > 0.05 Stability/balance competence (male) Moderate physical activity minutes per day: r = − 0.05, p > 0.05 Vigorous physical activity minutes per day: r = 0.02, p > 0.05 MVPA minutes per day: r = − 0.01, p > 0.05 Weight status: r = − 0.49, p < 0.01 Stability/balance competence (female) Moderate physical activity minutes per day: r = − 0.21, p > 0.05 Vigorous physical activity minutes per day: r = − 0.14, p > 0.05 MVPA minutes per day: r = − 0.19, p > 0.05 Weight status: r = 0.14, p > 0.05 |
|
| Okely et al. [73] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 2026 adolescents (male n = 1081 [grade 8 n = 557; grade 10 n = 524]; female n = 945 [grade 8 n = 515; grade 10 n = 430]) Mean age Grade 8 = 13.3 years Grade 10 = 15.3 years |
Overall competence 6 FMS assessed from the Victorian FMS manual: run, vertical jump, catch overhand throw, forehand strike and kick [125] |
Process |
Cardiovascular endurance PACER test [233] |
Overall competence Cardiovascular endurance: Grade 8 male r = 0.33, p < 0.01; Grade 8 female r = 0.45, p < 0.01; Grade 10 male r = 0.40, p < 0.01; Grade 10 female r = 0.50, p < 0.01 |
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| Okely et al. [71]a | Cross-sectional |
Sample 1847 high school students (Grade 8 n = 985 [male n = 517; female n = 465]; grade 10 n = 862 [male n = 470; female n = 392]) Mean age Grade 8 = 13.3 years Grade 10 = 15.3 years |
Overall competence 6 measures from the Victorian FMS manual (run, vertical jump, catch overhand throw, forehand strike, and kick) [125] |
Process | Organised and unorganised physical activity (min/week) Unreferenced self-reported physical activity questionnaire |
Overall competence Time spent engaging organised physical activity: F(4,1831) = 14.3; p < 0.01; R2 = 0.03 Time engaging in unorganised physical activity: F(4,1832) = 2.18; p > 0.05; R2 = 0.005 |
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| Philpott et al. [76]b | Cross-sectional study from a larger longitudinal study |
Sample 373 s-level adolescents (female n = 178; male n = 195 male; first year n = 101; second year n = 149; third year n = 123) Mean age 14.38 ± 0.87 years |
Overall competence 10 skills from TGMD [126], TGMD-2 [127] and the Victorian FMS Manual [125]: horizontal jump, vertical jump, run, skip, catch, stationary dribble, overhead throw, two-handed strike, kick, stability |
Process |
Perceived motor competence Physical Self-Confidence Scale [177] |
Overall competence Perceived motor competence: first year r = 0.29, p < 0.01; second year r = 0.28, p < 0.01; third year r = 0.41, p < 0.01 Overall competence (Functional Movement Screen™) Perceived motor competence: first year r = 0.25; p < 0.01; second year r = 0.26, p < 0.05; third year r = 0.09, p > 0.05 |
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| Philpott et al. [102]a | 8-week randomised controlled trial intervention |
Sample 324 adolescents (female n = 149, male n = 175; control female n = 95, male n = 107; intervention female n = 95, male n = 92) Mean age 14.5 ± 0.88 years (control female = 14.28 ± 0.85 years, male = 14.34 ± 0.91 years; intervention female = 14.27 ± 0.89 years, male = 14.63 ± 0.79 years |
Overall competence 10 skills from TGMD [126], TGMD-2 [127], and the Victorian FMS Manual [125]: horizontal jump, vertical jump, run, skip, catch, stationary dribble, overhead throw, two-handed strike, kick, stability |
Process |
Perceived motor competence Physical Self-Confidence Scale [177] |
Overall competence Perceived motor competence (post-intervention): β = 0.24, p < 0.01 |
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| Pichardo et al. [72] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 108 circa-PHV male individuals Mean age 13.9 ± 0.5 years Age range 13–14 years Mean seated height 85.9 ± 5.2 cm Mean standing height 166.1 ± 9.4 cm Mean body mass 57.6 ± 13.9 kg |
Overall competence RTSB [66] |
Process |
Speed 10-m, 20-m, and 30-m sprint Muscular power Bilateral horizontal jump, countermovement jump and seated medicine ball throw Muscular strength Isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP; absolute and relative peak force) Cardiovascular endurance Yo-yo Intermittent Recovery Test-Level 1 |
Overall motor competence 10-m sprint: r = − 0.21, p < 0.05 20-m sprint: r = − 0.37, p < 0.01 30-m sprint: r = − 0.37, p < 0.01 Horizontal jump: r = 0.09, p > 0.05 Countermovement jump: r = 0.11, p > 0.05 Seated medicine ball throw: r = 0.21, p > 0.05 IMTP (absolute): r = 0.18, p > 0.05 IMTP (relative): r = 0.27, p < 0.01 Yo-yo intermittent recovery test-level 1: r = 0.28, p < 0.05 |
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| Pullen et al. [100] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 224 secondary school students (male n = 119; female n = 105) Mean age Male = 11.8 ± 1/6 years; female = 11.8 ± 2.1 years Mean height Male = 152.8 ± 9.6 cm; female = 153.8 ± 7.4 cm Mean body mass Male = 47.3 ± 13.0 kg; female = 48.9 ± 11.3 kg |
Overall competence Athlete Introductory Movement Screen (AIMS) [139] and tuck jump assessment [140] |
Process |
Weight status BMI Muscular power Standing long jump [246] |
Motivation Behavioural Regulations in Exercise Questionnaire Version 2 (BREQ-2) [154] Perceived motor competence Perceived Physical Ability Scale for Children [168] Global self-esteem Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale [173] |
Overall competence Muscular power (male): r = 0.43, p < 0.01 Muscular power (female): r = 0.40, p < 0.01 BMI (male): r = − 0.18, p < 0.05 BMI (female): r = − 0.18, p < 0.05 Motivation (male): r = 0.25, p < 0.01 Motivation (female): r = 0.26, p < 0.01 Perceived competence (male): r = 0.34, p < 0.01 Perceived competence (female): r = 0.19, p > 0.01 Global self-esteem (male): r = 0.13, p > 0.05 Global self-esteem (female): r = 0.03, p > 0.05 |
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| Rigoli et al. [81] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 93 adolescents (male n = 55; female n = 38) Mean age 14.2 ± 1.1 years Age range 12–16 years |
Object control, stability/balance competence MABC-2 [136] |
Product |
Perceived motor competence Self-Description Questionnaire-II [163] |
Object control competence Perceived physical ability: r = 0.46, p < 0.01 Physical appearance: r = 0.35, p < 0.01 Same-gender peer relations: r = 0.12, p > 0.05 Parent relations: r = 0.05, p > 0.05 School: r = 0.15, p > 0.05 Self-concept: r = 0.29, p < 0.01 Stability/balance competence Perceived physical ability: r = 0.42, p < 0.01 Physical appearance: r = 0.27, p < 0.05 Same-gender peer relations: r = 0.27, p < 0.01 Parent relations: r = 0.14, p > 0.05 School: r = 0.21, p < 0.05 Self-concept: r = 0.35, p < 0.01 |
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| Rogers et al. [89] | Cross-sectional study of baseline data from randomised controlled trial |
Sample 173 female students Mean age 12.48 ± 0.34 years |
Overall competence, locomotor competence and object control competence The Victorian FMS Teacher’s Manual [125] |
Process |
Perceived motor competence Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP) [159]; Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence [160] |
Overall competence Perceived motor competence: r = 0.30, p < 0.01 Perceived sports competence: r = 0.39, p < 0.01 Perceived fundamental movement competence: r = 0.26, p < 0.01 Locomotor competence Perceived locomotor competence: r = 0.09, p > 0.05 Object control competence Perceived object control competence: r = 0.38, p < 0.01 |
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| Ryan et al. [82] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 130 professional male youth soccer players Mean age 13.8 ± 2.9 years Mean height 167.9 ± 13.3 cm Mean body mass 57.3 ± 15.1 kg |
Overall competence |
Process |
Muscular power Countermovement jump Speed 0–10 m sprint |
Overall competence Muscular power: r = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.25, 0.54 Speed: r = 0.32, 95% CI − 0.47, − 0.16 |
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| Smith et al. [119] | 8-Month randomised controlled trial |
Sample 361 Australian boys (intervention = 181; control = 180) Mean age Total = 12.7 ± 0.5 years Intervention = 12.7 ± 0.5 years Control: 12.7 ± 0.5 years |
Overall competence RTSB [66] |
Process |
Moderate-vigorous physical activity Accelerometers (Actigraph GT3X +) |
Composite fitness score 90-degree push-up test and Handgrip dynamometer [247, 248] Weight status Body fat % [175] |
Overall competence MVPA: r = 0.16, p = 0.01 Composite fitness: r = 0.43, p < 0.01 Body fat %: r = − 0.28, p < 0.01 |
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| Smith et al. [83]a | Cross-sectional sample from Resistance Training for Teens randomised controlled trial intervention |
Sample 548 adolescents (male n = 276; female n = 272) Mean age 14.1 ± 0.5 years |
Overall competence RTSB [66] |
Process |
Composite fitness score Summed standardised scores from 90 degree push-up test and standing long jump Weight status BMI |
Self-efficacy for resistance training Self-reported questionnaire [175] Perceived strength International Fitness Scale (IFS) [164] Autonomous motivation for resistance training Behavioural Regulations in Exercise Questionnaire Version 2 (BREQ-2) [154] |
Overall competence (male) Composite fitness score: β = 0.33, SE = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.23, 0.42, p < 0.01 Weight status: β = − 0.06, SE = 0.05, 95% CI − 0.16, 0.03, p > 0.05 Self-efficacy: β = 0.21, SE = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.12, 0.31, p < 0.01 Perceived strength: β = 0.09, SE = 0.05, 95% CI − 0.01, 0.19, p > 0.05 Autonomous motivation: β = 0.24, SE = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.14, 0.34, p < 0.01 Overall competence (female) Composite fitness score: β = 0.46, SE = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.35, 0.56, p < 0.01 Weight status: β = − 0.29, SE = 0.05, 95% CI − 0.40, − 0.19, p < 0.01 Self-efficacy: β = 0.22, SE = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.12, 0.32, p < 0.01 Perceived strength: β = 0.22, SE = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.12, 0.31, p < 0.01 Autonomous motivation: β = 0.18, SE = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.08, 0.28, p < 0.01 |
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| Sommerfield et al. [120] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 104 adolescent girls Mean age 14.0 ± 0.6 years Mean height 162.6 ± 5.9 cm Mean body mass 57.3 ± 9.7 kg |
Overall competence Back squat assessment [146] |
Process |
Strength IMTP (absolute and relative) Muscular power Countermovement jump (unilateral and bilateral), drop vertical jump Speed 10-m and 20-m sprint |
Only reported at associations between motor competence and strength Overall competence IMTP peak force: r = − 0.31, p < 0.01 IMTP relative peak force: r = − 0.42, p < 0.01 |
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| Tadiotto et al. [56] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 62 adolescents (male n = 32; female n = 30) Mean age (based on sit to stand time) Fast group = 15.0 ± 1.7 years; intermediate group = 14.5 ± 1.9 years; slow group = 13.0 ± 2.1 years Mean height (based on sit to stand time) Fast group = 166.5 ± 8.0 cm; intermediate group = 161.6 ± 9.0 cm; slow group = 157.0 ± 7.6 cm Mean body mass (based on sit to stand time) Fast group = 65.0 ± 9.1 kg; intermediate group = 73.1 ± 16.0 kg; slow group = 73.9 ± 14.1 kg |
Overall competence Supine to stand test [137] |
Combined with scores separated for process and product measurements |
Weight status BMI, fat mass, fat-free mass Muscular endurance Abdominal push-ups Muscular strength Handgrip strength Cardiovascular endurance Maximum incremental treadmill test (absolute and relative to body mass) Flexibility Sit and reach |
Overall competence (product) Weight status (BMI): r = 0.59, p < 0.01 Weight status (fat mass): r = 0.69, p < 0.01 Weight status (fat free mass): r = − 0.12, p > 0.05 Muscular endurance: r = − 0.49, p < 0.01 Muscular strength (hand-grip right): r = − 0.42, p < 0.01 Muscular strength (hand-grip left): r = − 0.40, p < 0.01 Cardiovascular endurance (absolute): r = − 0.23, p > 0.05 Cardiovascular endurance (relative to body mass): r = − 0.66, p < 0.01 Flexibility: r = − 0.28, p < 0.05 Overall competence (process) Weight status (BMI): r = − 0.60, p < 0.01 Weight status (fat mass): r = − 0.67, p < 0.01 Weight status (fat-free mass): r = 0.21, p > 0.05 Muscular endurance: r = 0.39, p < 0.01 Muscular strength (handgrip right): r = 0.31, p < 0.01 Muscular strength (handgrip left): r = 0.32, p < 0.05 Cardiovascular endurance (absolute): r = 0.15, p > 0.05 Cardiovascular endurance (relative): r = 0.64, p < 0.01 Flexibility: r = 0.15, p > 0.05 |
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| Vedul-Kjelsas et al. [90] | Cross-sectional |
Sample 67 adolescents (female n = 28; male n = 39) Mean age 11.46 ± 0.27 years Mean height 148.33 ± 7.15 cm Mean body mass 40.18 ± 7.79 kg |
Overall competence MABC [249] |
Product |
Composite fitness score |
Perceived motor competence Norwegian version of Harter’s Self-Perception Profile for Children [161, 167] |
Overall competence (whole sample) Composite fitness score: r = − 0.61, p < 0.01 Perceived athletic competence: r = − 0.35, p < 0.01 Overall competence (female) Composite fitness score: r = − 0.57, p < 0.01 Perceived athletic competence: r = − 0.41, p < 0.05 Overall competence (male) Composite fitness score: r = − 0.70, p < 0.01 Perceived athletic competence: r = − 0.31, p > 0.05 |
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| Woods et al. [78]c | Cross-sectional |
Sample 44 adolescent Australian football players Age range 17.1–18.1 years Mean height 186.7 ± 7.7 cm Mean body mass 78.8 ± 9.2 kg |
Individual motor competence elements Modified Athletic Ability Assessment [135]: overhead squat, double lunge (left and right leg), single-leg Romanian deadlift (left and right leg) and push-up | Process |
Muscular power Vertical jump; dynamic vertical jump (left and right leg take off) Speed 20-m sprint Agility AFL agility test Cardiovascular endurance Multi-stage fitness test |
Overhead squat Muscular power: vertical jump: r = 0.32, p < 0.05 Muscular power: dynamic vertical jump (left leg): r = 0.40, p < 0.05 Muscular power: dynamic vertical jump (right leg): r = 0.30, p > 0.05 Speed: r = − 0.35, p < 0.05 Agility: r = − 0.26, p > 0.05 Cardiovascular endurance: r = 0.06, p > 0.05 Double lunge (left leg) Muscular power: vertical jump: r = 0.44, p < 0.05 Muscular power: dynamic vertical jump (left leg): r = 0.42, p < 0.05 Muscular power: dynamic vertical jump (right leg): r = 0.27, p > 0.05 Speed: r = − 0.41, p < 0.05 Agility: r = − 0.25, p < 0.05 Cardiovascular endurance: r = 0.37, p < 0.05 Double lunge (right leg) Muscular power: vertical jump: r = 0.40, p < 0.05 Muscular power: dynamic vertical jump (left leg): r = 0.38, p < 0.05 Muscular power: dynamic vertical jump (right leg): r = 0.25, p > 0.05 Speed: r = − 0.34, p < 0.05 Agility: r = − 0.20, p > 0.05 Cardiovascular endurance: r = 0.30, p < 0.05 Push-up Muscular power: vertical jump: r = 0.28, p > 0.05 Muscular power: dynamic vertical jump (left leg): r = 0.24, p > 0.05 Muscular power: dynamic vertical jump (right leg): r = − 0.13, p > 0.05 Speed: r = − 0.06, p > 0.05 Agility: r = − 0.02, p > 0.05 Cardiovascular endurance: r = − 0.07, p > 0.05 Single leg Romanian deadlift (left leg) Muscular power: vertical jump: r = 0.32, p < 0.05 Muscular power: dynamic vertical jump (left leg): r = 0.23, p > 0.05 Muscular power: dynamic vertical jump (right leg): r = − 0.07, p > 0.05 Speed: r = − 0.11, p > 0.05 Agility: r = − 0.17, p > 0.05 Cardiovascular endurance: r = 0.13, p > 0.05 Single leg Romanian deadlift (right leg) Muscular power: vertical jump: r = 0.26, p > 0.05 Muscular power: dynamic vertical jump (left leg): r = 0.19, p > 0.05 Muscular power: dynamic vertical jump (right leg): r = − 0.01, p > 0.05 Speed: r = − 0.04, p > 0.05 Agility: r = − 0.16, p > 0.05 Cardiovascular endurance: r = 0.12, p > 0.05 |
β beta coefficient, BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, r correlation coefficient, SE standard error
aNot eligible for the meta-analysis because of missing data
bMissing data obtained via contacting the author
cEligible for the meta-analysis but not included because of not fitting the groupings of motor competence (i.e. locomotor, object control, stability/balance, overall competence)