TABLE 3.

Analysis of the causes of leakage of upright polypropylene infusion bags and non-PVC infusion bags.

Type	Cause of leakage	Case	Proportion of total leakage cases (%)	Proportion of total number of used bags (‱)
Upright polypropylene	Sharp objects such as glass fragments or aluminum caps pierce the bag	8	72.73	0.034
	Excessive manual or machine throwing force	3	27.27	0.013
	Falling	3	27.27	0.013
	Squeezing, stacking, and uneven arrangement cause folding of edges	1	9.09	0.004
Non-PVC	Squeezing, stacking, and uneven arrangement cause folding of edges	156	39.59	0.472
	Leakage caused by transportation before unpacking the carton	155	39.34	0.469
	Leakage at the nozzle joint	41	10.41	0.124
	Excessive manual or machine throwing force	27	6.85	0.081
	Sharp objects such as glass fragments or aluminum caps pierce the bag	26	6.60	0.079
	Excessive dosage	9	2.28	0.027
	Falling	8	2.03	0.024
	Leakage at the joint	7	1.78	0.021
	Valve port quality issues	6	1.52	0.018
	Other reasons	19	4.82	0.058

‱ stands for “one per 10,000”.