Table 3.

Symptoms of ego disturbance as defined by the manual for assessment and documentation of psychopathology in psychiatry [adapted from Broome et al. (2017)].

Symptom	Definition
Boundary disturbance	Disturbance in the perception of the self as distinct from the environment, or of the integrity of the self
Derealization	Surrounding or time are experienced as if they were changed; feelings of familiarity with and trust in the environment are lost
Depersonalization	Perception of oneself as alien, unreal, changed, or as a stranger
Thought broadcasting	Personal thoughts are experienced as no longer belonging to oneself alone but accessible to others
	May be experienced as passive, that is others are not perceived as actively attempting to read one’s mind
Thought withdrawal	Personal thoughts are experienced as being removed or stripped from oneself
Thought insertion	Personal thoughts and ideas are experienced as externally influenced, made, controlled, directed, entered, or imposed
Passivity	Feelings, intentions, behavior, and/or bodily functions are experienced as externally controlled or made by others