Table 2.
Demographics, Comorbidities, and Ocular Symptoms and Signs in the Study Population
| Demographics | |
| Age, years, mean ± SD (range) | 61.78 ± 9.79 (32–91) |
| Gender, male, n (%) | 302 (92) |
| Race, White, n (%) | 145 (44) |
| Black, n (%) | 183 (56) |
| Ethnicity, Hispanic, n (%) | 70 (21) |
| Comorbidities | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 229 (70) |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 99 (30) |
| Sleep apnea, n (%) | 74 (22) |
| Benign prostatic hypertrophy, n (%) | 56 (17) |
| Former smoker, n (%) | 154 (47) |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 130 (40) |
| Migraine, n (%) | 45 (14) |
| Depression symptoms, PHQ-9, mean ± SD (range) | 9.38 ± 7.83 (0–27) |
| PTSD symptoms, PCL-M, mean ± SD (range) | 39.64 ± 19.34 (17–85) |
| Ocular symptoms, mean ± SD (range) | |
| DE symptoms assessed via DEQ5 | 11.24 ± 5.18 (0–22) |
| DE symptoms assessed via OSDI | 34.91 ± 24.35 (0–100) |
| Ocular pain assessed via NRS average over past week | 3.18 ± 2.63 (0–10) |
| Ocular pain assessed via NRS worst over past week | 4.08 ± 3.18 (0–10) |
| Neuropathic ocular pain assessed via NPSI-Eye, total score | 20.17 ± 21.41 (0–100) |
| NPSI-Eye-Sub-Score (burning + wind sensitivity) | 5.11 ± 5.42 (0–20) |
| DE signs∗, mean ± SD (range) | |
| Tear break up time, seconds | 8.95 ± 4.45 (0–28) |
| Corneal staining | 2.05 ± 2.48 (0–14) |
| Schirmer’s test, mm wetting at 5 min | 12.98 ± 7.35 (0–41) |
| Corneal sensation†, mean ± SD (range) | |
| Detection threshold, ml/min | 86.23 ± 44.70 (10–410) |
| Pain threshold, ml/min | 229.05 ± 114.08 (10–410) |
DE = dry eye; DEQ5 = Dry Eye Questionnaire 5; NPSI-Eye = Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory Modified for the Eye; NRS = Numerical Rating Scale; OSDI = Ocular Surface Disease Index; PCL-M = PTSD Checklist – Military Version; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire 9; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; SD = standard deviation.
∗
More abnormal value between the 2 eyes for each patient was included in the analysis.
†
Corneal sensation taken from the right eye.