Table 1.

Summary of selected studies.

Author	Country	Inclusion	Exclusion	Intervention	Regime and dose	Comparator	Regime and dose	Comparator 2	Regime and dose	Injection technique
Bahadir 2009	Turkey	Grade 2 or 3 Eaton & Littler	Inflammatory arthritis, trauma, carpal tunnel, previous injection	Triamcinolone acetonide	One injection of 20 mg/0.5 mL of triamcinolone acetatonide the start of the trial	Hyaluronic acid	Weekly injections of 5mg/0.5 mL of sodium hyaluronate for 3 weeks	n/a	n/a	Needle inserted just proximal to the radial base of the first metacarpal bone, volar to the extensor pollicis brevis tendon. Hand supine
Figen Ayhan and Ustün 2009	Turkey	Bilateral symptoms with failed prior treatment, VAS >40/100, radiographic evidence of grade 1–4 Eaton & Littler	Previous injection, trauma, inflammatory arthritis, joint infection	Hyaluronic acid	One injection of 1 mL of Hylan G-F20 at the beginning of the study	Saline	One injection of 1 mL saline at the beginning of the study	n/a	n/a	Needle inserted in the dorsal aspect of the radial side of the 1st carpometacarpal joint by holding the thumb in slight flexion. Hand prone
Heyworth 2008	USA	Symptomatic osteoarthritis	Multiple previous injections, pregnancy, previous surgery, trauma to joint, inflammatory arthritis	Betamethasone acetate	Two injections, first saline 1 mL at baseline followed by 1 mL sodium betamethasone a week later	Hyaluronic acid	Two 8 mg injections of hylan G-F 20, first at baseline and second a week later	Saline	Two injections of 1 mL saline, first at baseline and second a week later	nm
Malahias 2021	Greece	Clinical and radiographic evidence of TBOA, grades 1 to 3 Eaton & Littler	Systemic rheumatic disease, self-reported comorbid hand conditions, history of gout or pseudogout, bleeding predisposition, previous surgery to the affected thumb, previous injection, grade 4 Eaton & Littler	Methylprednisolone succinate	Two injections of 125mg/2 mL methylprednisolone sodium succinate 15 days apart	Platelet rich plasma	Two injections of platelet rich plasma injections 15 days apart. Platelet rich plasma mannually prepared	n/a	n/a	Ultrasound guided injection using free hand one man's technique
Monfort 2015	Spain	Symptoms lasting >90 days requiring analgesic relief, at least grade 1 Kellgren-Lawrence	Pregnancy, severe renal/liver disease, injection within last 3 months, previous thumb surgery, previous physical therapy	Betamethasone acetate	Once weekly injections of 0.5 mL betamethasone disodium phosphate 1.5 mg and betamethasone acetate 1.5 mg for 3 weeks	Hyaluronic acid	Once weekly injections of 0.5 mL of hyaluronic acid 5 mg/mL 500–1000 kDa for 3 weeks	n/a	n/a	Ultrasound guided injection inserted lateral to the abductor pollicis longus tendon using free hand one man's technique. Hand semi-prone
Sabah 2020	Egypt	Failed conservative treatment of at least 4 weeks	TBOA with failed conservative treatment of at least 4 weeks	Betamethasone acetate	One injection of 1 mL betamethasone acetate the start of the trial	Hyaluronic acid	One injection of containing 730,000 Da of hyaluronic acid at the start of the trial	Platelet Rich Plasma	One injection of 20 mL of platelet rich plasma at the start of trial. Platelet rich plasma produced by commercial kit	Needle inserted just proximal to the radial base of the first metacarpal bone, volar to the extensor pollicis brevis tendon. Hand supine
Stahl 2005	Israel	Symptomatic CMCJ OA grade 2 Eaton Littler classification	nm	Methylprednisolone acetate	One injection of 40 mg methylprednisolone acetate at beginning of study	Hyaluronic acid	One injection of 15 mg of hyaluronic acid at beginning of study	n/a	n/a	Needle inserted in the dorsal aspect of the radial side of the 1st carpometacarpal joint by holding the thumb in slight flexion. Hand prone
Comparative Case Series
Tenti 2017	Italy	Age 45–75, symptoms >3 months, VAS >30/100, grade 2 or 3 Kellgren-Lawrence	Inflammatory joint disease, septic arthritis, major trauma, prior surgery of upper limb, coagulation disorders, severe comorbidity, therapy with chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine, diacerein and steroids	Triamcinolone acetonide	Two injections of 0.5 mL of triamcinolone acetonide 20 mg/mL at baseline and at 15 days	Hyaluronic acid	Two injections of 1 mL of Sinovial H-L 3.2 % 16 mg + 16 mg/mL baseline and 15 days	n/a	n/a	Needle inserted lateral to the abductor pollicis longus tendon using free hand one man's technique. Hand semi-prone

n/a – not applicable.

nm – not mentioned.