Table 2.
Summary of the effects of intratumoral microbes on cancer pathogenesis or treatment.
| Cancer type | Microorganism | Role | Effect on cancer progression/treatment | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colorectal cancer | Bacteroides | Pathogenic microbe | Correlate with carcinogenesis | (45) |
| Colorectal cancer | Fusobacterium | Opportunistic pathogen | ||
| Colorectal cancer | Parvimonas | Commensal microbe | ||
| Colorectal cancer | Prevotella | Pathogenic microbe | ||
| Colorectal cancer | Clostridium | Pathogenic microbe | ||
| Colorectal cancer | Parvimonas | Commensal microbe | ||
| Colorectal cancer | Peptostreptococcus | Commensal microbe | ||
| Colorectal cancer | Dechloromonas | Noncommensal microbe | ||
| Colorectal cancer | Gallionella | Noncommensal microbe | ||
| Colorectal cancer | Escherichia coli C17 | Pathogenic microbe | Promote cancer metastasis | (40) |
| Breast cancer | Lactobacillus animalis | Commensal microbe | Promote cancer metastasis | (46) |
| Breast cancer | Streptococcus cuniculi | Commensal microbe | ||
| Breast cancer | Staphylococcus xylosus | Commensal microbe | ||
| Colorectal cancer | Fusobacterium nucleatum | Commensal microbe | Enhance pro-tumoral immunity; favor cancer progression | (47) |
| Pancreatic cancer | Porphyromonas gingivalis | Pathogenic microbe | Induce tumor-promoting inflammation; facilitate cancer growth | (48) |
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Alternaria alternata | Pathogenic microbe | Enhance pro-tumoral immunity; favor cancer development | (49) |
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Malassezia globosa | Pathogenic microbe | ||
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma | Fusobacterium nucleatum | Commensal microbe | Inhibit pro-tumoral immunity; correlate with favorable clinical outcomes | (50) |
| Soft tissue sarcoma | Respirovirus | Pathogenic microbe | Increase antitumor immunity | (51) |
| Melanoma | Neospora caninum | Pathogenic microbe | Increase antitumor immunity; foster cancer cell death | (52) |
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Pseudoxanthomonas | Non-pathogenic microbe | Trigger antitumor immunity | (53) |
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Saccharopolyspora | Noncommensal microbe | ||
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Streptomyces | Pathogenic microbe | ||
| Lung adenocarcinoma | Anabaena sp. K119 | Noncommensal microbe | Block antitumor immunity | (54) |
| Lung adenocarcinoma | Uncultured bacterium | Unknown | ||
| Lung squamous cell carcinoma | Pseudomonas putida str. KT2440 | Non-pathogenic microbe | ||
| Lung squamous cell carcinoma | Thermostaphylospora chromogena | Noncommensal microbe | ||
| Colorectal cancer | Fusobacterium nucleatum | Commensal microbe | Induce tumor-promoting inflammation; facilitate cancer invasion | (55) |
| Colon cancer | Eubacteria rectale/Roseburia | Commensal microbe | Block antitumor immunity | (56) |
| Gastric cancer | Methylobacterium | Commensal microbe | Block antitumor immunity | (57) |
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Bifidobacterium pseudolongum | Commensal microbe | Block antitumor immunity | (7) |
| Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma | Paraburkholderia fungorum | Opportunistic pathogen | Regulate cancer cell metabolism; repress cancer development | (58) |
| Lung cancer | Akkermansia muciniphila | Commensal microbe | Regulate cancer cell metabolism; repress cancer development | (59) |
| Epithelial ovarian cancer | Propionibacterium acnes | Commensal microbe | Activate the Hh signaling cascade; facilitate carcinogenesis | (60) |
| Papillary thyroid carcinoma | Metschnikowia santaceciliae | Noncommensal microbe | Inhibit the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; correlate with cancer progression | (61) |
| Papillary thyroid carcinoma | Pacynthium nigrum | Unknown | ||
| Papillary thyroid carcinoma | Spriromyces aspiralis | Unknown | ||
| Papillary thyroid carcinoma | Thanatephorus cucumeris | Pathogenic microbe | ||
| Papillary thyroid carcinoma | Brevicellicium exile | Unknown | Activate the p53 signaling pathway; correlate with cancer progression | |
| Papillary thyroid carcinoma | Eremascus albus | Unknown | ||
| Papillary thyroid carcinoma | Zoophthora occidentalis | Pathogenic microbe | ||
| Papillary thyroid carcinoma | Uncultured Glomus | Unknown | Activate the MAPK signaling pathway; correlate with cancer progression | |
| Colorectal cancer | Escherichia coli | Commensal microbe | Enhance 5-FU resistance | (62) |
| Colorectal cancer | Bifidobacterium | Commensal microbe | Improve the efficacy of anti-CD47 treatment | (63) |
| Breast cancer | Megasphaera | Commensal microbe | Improve the efficacy of anti-PD-1 treatment | (64) |
| Melanoma | Bifidobacterium | Commensal microbe | Improve the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 treatment | (65) |
| Gastrointestinal cancer | Eubacterium | Commensal microbe | Improve the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment | (66) |
| Gastrointestinal cancer | Lactobacillus | Commensal microbe | ||
| Gastrointestinal cancer | Streptococcus | Pathogenic microbe | ||
| Fibrosarcoma | Bacteroides fragilis | Commensal microbe | Improve the efficacy of CTLA-4 blockade | (67) |