Table 3.
Overview of published clinical trials of antitumor microbial therapies.
| Microbial species | Drug | Type | Route of administration | Cancer type | Type of study | Number of subjects | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salmonella typhi | VXM01 | Live attenuated | Oral | Advanced pancreatic cancer | Randomized, placebo-controlled, phase I dose-escalation trial | 26 | Induce vaccine specific T cell responses | (101) |
| Salmonella typhi | VXM01 | Live attenuated | Oral | Advanced pancreatic cancer | Randomized, dose-escalation phase I clinical trial | 30 | Induce vaccine specific effector T cell responses and reduce tumor perfusion | (102) |
| Listeria monocytogenes | CRS-207 | Live attenuated | Intravenous | Malignant pleural mesothelioma | Multicenter, open-label phase Ib study | 35 | Induce antitumor immunity and objective tumor responses | (103) |
| Listeria monocytogenes | CRS-207 | Live attenuated | Intravenous | Pancreatic cancer | Multicenter, randomized, phase II trial | 90 | Induce mesothelin-specific CD8 T cell responses and prolong survival of patients | (104) |
| Listeria monocytogenes | CRS-207 | Live attenuated | Intravenous | Pancreatic cancer | Randomized, controlled phase IIb clinical trial | 303 | Provide comparable survival benefits with standard chemotherapy | (105) |
| Listeria monocytogenes | ADXS11-001 | Live attenuated | Intravenous | HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer | Phase II “window of opportunity” trial | 8 | Induce T cell responses and correlate with increased serum CCL22 level | (106) |
| Listeria monocytogenes | ADXS11-001 | Live attenuated | Intravenous | Anal cancer | Phase I trial | 9 | Delay disease progression | (107) |
| Listeria monocytogenes | ADXS31-142 | Live attenuated | Intravenous | Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer | Open-label phase I/II KEYNOTE-046 study | 50 | Improve overall survival | (108) |
| Listeria monocytogenes | ADXS31-164 | Live attenuated | Intravenous | HER2/neu-positive cancers | Phase I trial | – | Induce strong T cell immune responses, inhibit tumor growth and extend overall survival | (109) |
| Clostridium novyi | C. novyi-NT | Live attenuated | Intratumoral | Treatment-refractory advanced solid tumors | Open-label, multicenter, phase I study | 24 | Induce a transient systemic cytokine response, promote tumor-specific T cell responses and reduce tumor size | (110) |