Table 2.
Effect of HIV self-testing intervention on primary and secondary outcomes.
| Characteristic | M3 |
Adjusted risk difference (95% CI)a | p-value | M6 |
Adjusted risk difference (95% CI)a | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group n (%) |
Control group n (%) |
Intervention group n (%) |
Control group n (%) |
|||||
| N | 300 (100·0) | 307 (100·0) | 297 (100·0) | 304 (100·0) | ||||
| HIV testing in the past three months (%) | ||||||||
| HIVST | 272 (90·7) | 140 (45·6) | 45·2 (43·0, 47·4) | <0·001 | 240 (80·8) | 141 (46·4) | 34·5 (32·0, 37·6) | <0·001 |
| SBHT | 65 (21·7) | 49 (16·0) | 5·7 (5·0, 6·4) | 0·021 | 64 (21·5) | 54 (17·8) | 3·8 (3·1, 4·4) | 0·106 |
| Any type of HIV testing | 286 (95·3) | 180 (58·6) | 36·7 (35·1, 38·5) | <0·001 | 259 (87·2) | 184 (60·5) | 26·7 (24·6, 28·7) | <0·001 |
| Testing with partner(s) | 137 (45·7) | 62 (20·2) | 25·5 (35·1, 38·5) | <0·001 | 115 (38·7) | 61 (20·1) | 18·7 (17·4, 20·0) | <0·001 |
| Frequency of HIV tests in the past three months(mean, SD)b | ||||||||
| HIVST | 2·5 (2·0) | 0·9 (1·5) | <0·001 | 2·1 (1·9) | 1·0 (1·6) | <0·001 | ||
| SBHT | 0·5 (1·2) | 0·3 (0·9) | 0·060 | 0·5 (1·1) | 0·3 (0·7) | 0·162 | ||
| Any type of HIV testing | 3·0 (2·4) | 1·1 (2·0) | <0·001 | 2·5 (2·3) | 1·2 (1·9) | <0·001 | ||
| Sexual behaviour in the past three months (%) | ||||||||
| Frequency of sexual behaviourc | <0·001 | <0·001 | ||||||
| Almost every day | 3 (1·0) | 25 (8·1) | 3 (1·0) | 25 (8·2) | ||||
| Every week | 109 (36·3) | 85 (27·7) | 103 (34·7) | 146 (48·0) | ||||
| Monthly or less | 184 (61·3) | 189 (61·6) | 186 (62·6) | 129 (42·5) | ||||
| No sexual behaviour | 4 (1·3) | 8 (2·6) | 5 (1·7) | 4 (1·3) | ||||
| Has regular partner(s)d | 210 (70·9) | 173 (57·9) | −3·2 (−3·5, −3·0) | 0·002 | 197 (67·5) | 182 (60·7) | 6·5 (6·4, 6·5) | 0·112 |
| Has casual partner(s)d | 132 (44·6) | 143 (47·8) | −3·2 (−3·5, −3·0) | 0·358 | 123 (42·1) | 129 (43·0) | −1·0 (−1·5, −0·6) | 0·599 |
| Has CAI with regular partner(s)e | 110 (52·4) | 112 (64·7) | −11·4 (−12·5, −10·3) | 0·008 | 116 (58·9) | 162 (89·0) | −30·3 (−31·1, −29·4) | <0·001 |
| Has CAI with casual partner(s)e | 58 (43·9) | 96 (67·1) | −23·8 (−24·2, −23·3) | <0·001 | 56 (45·5) | 61 (47·3) | −1·9 (−2·2, −1·7) | 0·671 |
| Has group sex | 43 (14·3) | 44 (14·3) | −0·2 (−0·4, 0·0) | 0·811 | 42 (14·1) | 41 (13·5) | 0·6 (0·4, 0·9) | 0·886 |
| Has CAI in group sexe | 16 (37·2) | 29 (65·9) | −27·5 (−27·5, −26·5) | 0·037 | 15 (35·7) | 32 (78·0) | −43·4 (−43·9, −42·8) | <0·001 |
| Has CAI with partner(s) in unknown HIV status | 32 (10·7) | 80 (26·1) | −15·4 (−15·4, −15·3) | <0·001 | 29 (9·8) | 37 (12·2) | −2·4 (−2·6, −2·2) | 0·279 |
HIVST, HIV self-testing; SBHT, site-based HIV testing, including facility-based site testing (such as the testing conducted at centre for disease control and prevention, hospitals, and clinics) as well as community-based testing conducted at gay voluntary agencies, community health centres, and through mobile outreach programs; CAI, condomless anal intercourse.
Risk difference adjusted for centre and baseline rate of HIVST.
Analysed using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests.
Analyse using chi-square test.
The denominator excluded subjects who reported no sexual behaviour.
The denominators correspond to the number of individuals who reported having regular sexual partner(s), casual sexual partner(s), and group sex, respectively.