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Illustration of the self-training approach, which involves 3 steps: (1) a teacher model is trained on labeled data, (2) the teacher model is used to generate pseudolabels on unlabeled data, and (3) a student model is trained on labeled and pseudolabeled images. AutoML indicates automated machine learning; DME, diabetic macular edema; DR, diabetic retinopathy; NRDR, nonreferable diabetic retinopathy; RDR, referable diabetic retinopathy.
