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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 20.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2023;1404:149–173. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-22997-8_8

Table 8.2.

Phage mechanisms to avoid bacterial resistance

Phage counter-attack mechanisms
Phage (host) Mechanism Effect
ICP2 (V. cholerae) Mutational change of tail fibers Recognition of non-wild-type OmpU (Seed et al. 2014; Lim et al. 2021)
ICP1 (V. cholerae) Epigenetic modification OrbA protein counteracts the BREX system (LeGault et al. 2021)
ICP1 (V. cholerae) Endonuclease Endonuclease that mimics the PLE-encoded replication initiation factor RepA (Barth et al. 2021; Boyd et al. 2021)
ICP1 (V. cholerae) CRISPR-Cas CRISPR-Cas system against V. cholerae PLE (Seed et al. 2013)
Several phages tRNA acquisition tRNAs support translation of late genes during phage infection (Yang et al. 2021)