TABLE 3.

Potential combination use of PDO culture and NGS in personalized medicine.

	PDOs	NGS
Cell requirement	Fresh	Fresh or archived
	Tumor or body fluid	Usually tumor; cytological specimen may not be feasible if there are enough cells
Sampling procedure	Usually invasive	Usually invasive
Information on druggable mutations	Yes if there is enough DNA	Yes
Direct functional assays for drug screening response	Yes	No
Further mechanistic assays after drug treatment	Yes	No

Abbreviations: NGS, next‐generation sequencing; PDOs, patient‐derived organoids.