TABLE 1.
Basic characteristics of the study cohort.
| Feature | Overall (N = 66,384) | Training (N = 37,579) | Testing (N = 28,805) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Pancreatic cancer, no. (%) | 89 (0.1%) | 54 (0.1%) | 35 (0.1%) |
| Age, years | |||
| Mean (SD) | 64.8 (12.2) | 65.4 (12.4) | 64.1 (11.9) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 63.7 [45.1, 104] | 64.4 [45.1, 104] | 62.9 [45.1, 102] |
| Gender, no. (%) | |||
| Female | 31,108 (46.9%) | 17,759 (47.3%) | 13,349 (46.3%) |
| Male | 35,278 (53.1%) | 19,821 (52.7%) | 15,457 (53.7%) |
| Body‐mass index (BMI), Mean (SD), kg/m2 | 26.2 (4.87) | 26.2 (4.90) | 26.3 (4.82) |
| Diabetes duration, years | |||
| Mean (SD) | 0.699 (1.74) | 0.719 (1.78) | 0.672 (1.69) |
| Anti‐diabetic agents, no. (%) | |||
| Insulin | 9364 (14.1%) | 5469 (14.6%) | 3895 (13.5%) |
| Biguanides | 20,815 (31.4%) | 11,990 (31.9%) | 8825 (30.6%) |
| Sulfonylureas | 4302 (6.5%) | 2343 (6.2%) | 1959 (6.8%) |
| Alpha glucosidase inhibitors | 749 (1.1%) | 416 (1.1%) | 333 (1.2%) |
| Thiazolidinediones | 180 (0.3%) | 97 (0.3%) | 83 (0.3%) |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors | 2070 (3.1%) | 1253 (3.3%) | 817 (2.8%) |
| Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) analogues | 23 (0.0%) | 19 (0.1%) | 4 (0.0%) |
| Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors | 136 (0.2%) | 59 (0.2%) | 77 (0.3%) |
| Other blood glucose‐lowering drugs, excl. insulin | 1114 (1.7%) | 565 (1.5%) | 549 (1.9%) |
| Combined drugs | 27,633 (41.6%) | 15,369 (40.9%) | 12,264 (42.6%) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Cardiovascular diseases, no. (%) | 4715 (7.1%) | 3345 (8.9%) | 1370 (4.8%) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), no. (%) | 1321 (2.0%) | 1129 (3.0%) | 192 (0.7%) |
| Rheumatic, no. (%) | 134 (0.2%) | 96 (0.3%) | 38 (0.1%) |
| Peptic ulcer disease, no. (%) | 1372 (2.1%) | 1141 (3.0%) | 231 (0.8%) |
| Paralysis, no. (%) | 33 (0.0%) | 29 (0.1%) | 4 (0.0%) |
| Renal disease, no. (%) | 2008 (3.0%) | 1297 (3.5%) | 711 (2.5%) |
| Liver disease, no. (%) | 3452 (5.2%) | 2854 (7.6%) | 598 (2.1%) |
| Anemias, no. (%) | 959 (1.4%) | 766 (2.0%) | 193 (0.7%) |
| Depression, no. (%) | 1594 (2.4%) | 1328 (3.5%) | 266 (0.9%) |
| Hyperlipidemia, no. (%) | 14,821 (22.3%) | 10,669 (28.4%) | 4152 (14.4%) |
| Hypertension, no. (%) | 17,493 (26.4%) | 12,001 (31.9%) | 5492 (19.1%) |
| Parkinson, no. (%) | 269 (0.4%) | 194 (0.5%) | 75 (0.3%) |
| Prior stroke, no (%) | 1981 (3.0%) | 1134 (3.0%) | 847 (2.9%) |
| CCI_score | |||
| Mean (SD) | 2.20 (1.43) | 2.32 (1.49) | 2.05 (1.33) |
| Median (Min, Max) | 2.00 [0, 12.0] | 2.00 [0, 12.0] | 2.00 [0, 11.0] |
| Long‐term medications (ATC), N (%) | |||
| Antacids (A02AA, A02AX) | 1000 (1.5%) | 817 (2.2%) | 183 (0.6%) |
| Drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro‐esophageal reflux disease (A02BA, A02BC) | 596 (0.9%) | 369 (1.0%) | 227 (0.8%) |
| Gastrointestinal disorders (A03AX, A03FA) | 555 (0.8%) | 439 (1.2%) | 116 (0.4%) |
| Laxatives (A06AB, A06AD) | 1524 (2.3%) | 1212 (3.2%) | 312 (1.1%) |
| Antithrombotic (B01AA, B01AC) | 5251 (7.9%) | 3834 (10.2%) | 1417 (4.9%) |
| Antianemic agents (B03BA, B03BB, B03XA) | 1036 (1.6%) | 720 (1.9%) | 316 (1.1%) |
| Cardiac therapy (C01AA, C01BD, C01DA, C01DX) | 2109 (3.2%) | 1486 (4.0%) | 623 (2.2%) |
| Antihypertensives (C02CA, C02DB) | 413 (0.6%) | 290 (0.8%) | 123 (0.4%) |
| Diuretics (C03AA, C03BA, C03CA, C03DA) | 2599 (3.9%) | 2065 (5.5%) | 534 (1.9%) |
| Beta blocking agents (C07AA, C07AB, C07AG) | 4591 (6.9%) | 3406 (9.1%) | 1185 (4.1%) |
| Calcium channel blockers (C08CA, C08DB) | 4509 (6.8%) | 3527 (9.4%) | 982 (3.4%) |
| Renin angiotensin (C09AA, C09CA, C09DB, C09DX) | 6815 (10.3%) | 5209 (13.9%) | 1606 (5.6%) |
| Lipid modifying agents (C10AA, C10AB, C10AX, C10BA) | 7439 (11.2%) | 5473 (14.6%) | 1966 (6.8%) |
| Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic, non‐steroids (M01AB, M01AC, M01AH) | 500 (0.8%) | 358 (1.0%) | 142 (0.5%) |
| Antigout (M04AA, M04AB, M04AC) | 1403 (2.1%) | 1144 (3.0%) | 259 (0.9%) |
| Nervous system (N02AJ, N02BE, N03AE, N03AX, N04BA, N05AH, N05BA, N05BB, N05CD, N05CF, N06AA, N06AX, N06BX, N07AB, N07CA) | 3518 (5.3%) | 2599 (6.9%) | 919 (3.2%) |
| Antihistamines (R06AE, R06AX) | 323 (0.5%) | 232 (0.6%) | 91 (0.3%) |
| Peripheral vasodilators (C04AD) | 803 (1.2%) | 506 (1.3%) | 297 (1.0%) |
| Liver therapy (A05BA) | 430 (0.6%) | 310 (0.8%) | 120 (0.4%) |
| Alpha‐adrenoreceptor antagonists (G04CA) | 507 (0.8%) | 419 (1.1%) | 88 (0.3%) |
| Glucocorticoids (H02AB) | 150 (0.2%) | 109 (0.3%) | 41 (0.1%) |
| Thyroid hormones (H03AA) | 355 (0.5%) | 272 (0.7%) | 83 (0.3%) |
| Laboratory tests | |||
| HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin), (%) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 8.04 (2.01) | 7.88 (1.87) | 8.26 (2.17) |
| Median (min, max) | 7.40 (3.40, 20.4) | 7.30 (3.40, 19.1) | 7.60 (4.00, 20.4) |
| Glucose AC, (mg/dL) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 160 (75.1) | 158 (80.7) | 163 (66.9) |
| Median (min, max) | 139 (20.0, 1480) | 136 (20.0, 1480) | 143 (29.0, 1050) |
| Creatinine, (mg/dL) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 1.15 (1.19) | 1.14 (1.14) | 1.15 (1.25) |
| Median (min, max) | 0.890 (0.0100, 23.7) | 0.900 (0.200, 23.7) | 0.860 (0.0100, 21.5) |
| Triglycerides, (mg/dL) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 171 (199) | 162 (157) | 181 (242) |
| Median (min, max) | 134 (11.0, 8290) | 130 (18.0, 6330) | 138 (11.0, 8290) |
| Total cholesterol, (mg/dL) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 189 (45.4) | 186 (43.1) | 194 (47.8) |
| Median (min, max) | 185 (66.0, 986) | 181 (66.0, 815) | 190 (66.0, 986) |
Abbreviations: CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; SD, standard deviation; min, minimum; max, maximum.