Table 3.

Comparison of English and Spanish language responses to Newborn and Infancy module items

Questions	Language	1—Yes all the time		2—Yes, most of the time		3—Yes, some of the time		4—Yes, rarely		5—No, never		Unknown		Total	Chi square tests
Newborn questions		n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	N
Were feeding difficulties experienced?	English	35	33	29	27	19	18	8	8	15	14	0	0	106	Χ2 (4, 159) = 8.347, p = .08
	Spanish	12	23	10	19	8	15	9	17	14	26	0	0	53
Was assistance used at any time in their infancy (eg lactation support, syringes, spooning in pumped milk)?	English	18	19	21	22	18	19	9	10	28	30	0	0	94	Χ2 (5, 137) = 4.279, p = .510
	Spanish	7	16	7	16	6	14	5	12	17	40	1	2	43
Was there refusal to nurse?	English	19	20	9	10	24	26	7	8	29	31	5	5	93	Χ2 (5, 133) = 0.622, p = .987
	Spanish	7	18	3	8	10	25	3	8	15	38	2	5	40
Could not latch?	English	25	27	21	23	13	14	6	7	22	24	4	4	91	Χ2 (4, 131) = 9.141, p = .104
	Spanish	6	15	5	13	8	20	8	20	10	25	3	8	40
Ineffective suck?	English	33	36	19	21	16	17	6	7	14	15	4	4	92	Χ2 (5, 132) = 1.113, p = .953
	Spanish	13	33	6	15	8	20	3	8	8	20	2	5	40
Was there biting?	English	0	0	1	1	18	20	10	11	54	59	9	10	92	Χ2 (5, 132) = 3.885, p = .566
	Spanish	1	3	1	3	6	15	5	13	25	63	2	5	40
Were they irritable in association with feeding?	English	24	26	17	18	19	21	6	7	24	26	2	2	92	Χ2 (5, 132) = 10.659, p = .059
	Spanish	4	10	4	10	10	25	2	5	20	50	0	0	40
Was there vomiting?	English	20	19	27	26	15	14	19	18	23	22	1	1	105	Χ2 (5, 156) = 4.471, p = .484
	Spanish	7	14	11	22	11	22	6	12	16	31	0	0	51
Was there arching?	English	14	13	20	19	29	27	10	9	26	25	7	7	106	Χ2 (5, 157) = 8.824, p = .116
	Spanish	4	8	7	14	9	18	3	6	24	47	4	8	51
Did they show excessive movements?	English	16	15	15	14	27	25	9	8	32	30	7	7	106	Χ2 (5, 157) = 8.558, p = .128
	Spanish	3	6	6	12	9	18	3	6	27	53	3	6	51
Was there difficulties maintaining or regulating proper body temperature?	English	4	4	7	7	12	11	7	7	58	55	18	17	106	Χ2 (5, 157) = 14.686, p = .012
	Spanish	0	0	2	4	9	18	2	4	38	75	0	0	51
Was there difficulty sleeping?	English	43	44	13	13	18	18	8	8	16	16	0	0	98	Χ2 (5, 149) = 6.226, p = .183
	Spanish	14	27	6	12	9	18	7	14	15	29	0	0	51
Infancy Questions
Were they happy in the first 12 months of their life?	English	31	29	55	51	17	16	3	3	0	0	1	1	107	Χ2 (5, 162) = 3.271, p = .514
	Spanish	19	35	31	56	4	7	1	2	0	0	0	0	55
Were they placid in the first 12 months of their life?	English	9	9	34	32	22	21	16	15	20	19	4	4	105	Χ2 (5, 160) = 23.817, p = .001
	Spanish	18	33	23	42	8	15	3	5	3	5	0	0	55
Were they easy going in the first 12 months of their life?	English	22	21	51	48	16	15	14	13	4	4	0	0	107	Χ2 (5, 162) = 10.363, p = .035
	Spanish	16	29	19	35	9	16	3	5	8	15	0	0	55
Were they affectionate in the first 12 months of their life?	English	22	21	48	45	20	19	6	6	9	8	1	1	106	Χ2 (5, 161) = 9.012, p = .109
	Spanish	22	40	16	29	9	16	5	9	3	5	0	0	55
Were there any difficulties with suck/swallow?	English	26	24	21	20	29	27	8	7	21	20	2	2	107	Χ2 (5, 161) = 9.641, p = .086
	Spanish	9	17	10	19	9	17	4	7	22	41	0	0	54
Were there any difficulties with failure to gain weight?	English	18	17	18	17	21	20	2	2	48	45	0	0	107	Χ2 (4, 161) = 7.446, p = .114
	Spanish	7	13	9	17	7	13	6	11	25	46	0	0	54
Were there any reflux/gastro/oesophageal problems?	English	38	36	26	24	16	15	14	13	11	10	2	2	107	Χ2 (5, 161) = 21.802, p = .001
	Spanish	9	17	13	24	11	20	1	2	19	35	1	2	54
Were there any difficulties with transitioning to solid food?	English	12	11	15	14	22	21	12	11	43	40	3	3	107	Χ2 (5, 161) = 4.723, p = .451
	Spanish	8	15	6	11	7	13	10	19	23	43	0	0	54
Were there any difficulties with asthma/wheezing?	English	3	3	2	2	13	12	9	8	79	74	1	1	107	Χ2 (5, 161) = 3.908, p = .563
	Spanish	0	0	3	6	5	9	5	9	41	76	0	0	54
Were there any difficulties with coughing?	English	1	1	5	5	17	16	17	16	65	61	1	1	106	Χ2 (5, 160) = 0.968, p = .965
	Spanish	1	2	2	4	8	15	8	15	35	65	0	0	54
Were there any difficulties with pneumonia?	English	1	1	0	0	9	8	11	10	86	80	0	0	107	Χ2 (5, 161) = 4.268, p = .234
	Spanish	0	0	0	0	5	9	1	2	48	89	0	0	54
Were there any difficulties with bronchitis?	English	1	1	1	1	12	11	9	8	84	79	0	0	107	Χ2 (5, 161) = 3.505, p = .477
	Spanish	1	2	0	0	7	13	9	17	37	69	0	0	54
Was there difficulty sleeping?	English	38	37	19	19	29	28	8	8	8	8	0	0	102	Χ2 (4, 156) = 6.111, p = .191
	Spanish	14	26	8	15	15	28	7	13	10	19	0	0	54