Table 2.
Intraoperative variables
| Parameter | Control group (N = 53) | Education group (N = 51) | Difference in means or medians (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intraoperative parameter | ||||
| Anesthetic time (min) | 128.3 ± 41.0 | 127.9 ± 44.6 | 0.4 (-16.3, 170) | 0.966 |
| Propofol (mg) | 1000 [840–1360] | 1060 [900–1600] | − 70 (-220, 80) | 0.354 |
| Remifentanil (mg) | 0.55 [0.4–0.85] | 0.6 [0.5–0.85] | 0.0 (-1, 1) | > 0.99 |
| Rocuronium (mg) | 55 [50–65] | 60 [50–70] | -5.0 (-10, 0) | 0.034 |
| Crystalloid (mL) | 400 [350–550] | 450 [350–560] | 0 (-50, 50) | 0.687 |
| Surgical procedure | 0.613 | |||
| ESS only | 14 (26.4%) | 9 (17.7%) | N/A | |
| Septoplasty or turbinoplasty | 12 (22.6%) | 16 (31.4%) | N/A | |
| ESS with either Septoplasty or turbinoplasty | 27 (50.9%) | 27 (52.9%) | N/A | |
| Surgical site (uni/bi) | 19 / 34 (35.9% / 64.2%) | 17 / 34 (33.3% / 66.7%) | N/A | 0.788 |
| Nasal packing (uni/bi), n (%)a | 13 / 40 (24.5% / 75.5%) | 9 / 42 (17.6% / 82.4%) | N/A | 0.390 |
| Packing materialsb | 0.218 | |||
| Nasopore | 40 (75.5%) | 43 (84.3%) | N/A | |
| Beschitin | 4 (7.6%) | 5 (9.8%) | ||
| Both (Nasopore and Beschitin) | 5 (9.4%) | 3 (5.9%) | ||
| Others | 4 (7.6%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Estimate blood loss (mL) | 100 [30–200] | 50 [20–200] | 0 (-20, 50) | 0.659 |
| Parameters at emergence | ||||
|
Coughing, n (%) (none/mild/moderate/severe) |
16 / 5 / 6 / 25 (30.8% / 9.6% /11.5% /48.1%) | 16 / 4 / 11 / 20 (31.4% / 7.8% / 21.6% / 39.2%) | N/A | 0.559 |
| Time to emergence (min) | 11 [8–13] | 11 [8–14] | -1 (-2, 1) | 0.493 |
| Time to extubation (min) | 12 [10–15] | 13 [10–16] | -1 (-2,1) | 0.366 |
| Agitated emergence | 14 (26.9%) | 10 (19.6%) | N/A | 0.418 |
| Adverse eventc | 0 (0%) | 2 (3.8%) | N/A | 0.238 |
Values are the mean ± SD, median [IQR], or number (%)
Agitated emergence was defined as RASS ≥ 1
CI confidence interval, ESS endoscopic sinus surgery, IQR interquartile range, RASS Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale, SD standard deviation
a In some patients, bilateral nasal packing is performed in unilateral ESS or septo-turbinoplasty at the discretion of the surgeon
b Nasopore and Beschitin are both absorbable nasal packing materials. Others consists of minocell (n = 1) or guardcell (n = 3)
c Two adverse events were nasal bleeding at emergence that required brief bleeding control by surgeons