Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies
| Outcomes explored | Mediators | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author | Country | Study type | Setting | Sample size | Sample age (years) | Parental technoference measurement tool | Adolescent techno-ference | Mental health |
Violent behaviour | Relationship quality |
Psychological Factors |
| Bai et al., 2020 | China | Cross-sectional | School | 2,996 | Mean age 16 | Generic Scale of Being Phubbed | √ | √ | Agreeableness / Neuroticism | ||
| Bai et al., 2021 | China | Cross-sectional | School | 3,322 | Mean age 16 | Generic Scale of Being Phubbed | √ | √ | Depression | ||
| Geng et al., 2021 | China | Cross-sectional | School | 1,447 | Mean age 16 | Generic Scale of Being Phubbed | √ | Loneliness / Fear of Missing Out | |||
| Liu et al., 2020a | China | Cross-sectional | School | 303 | 12–16 | The Technoference Scale | √ | √ | Life Satisfaction | ||
| Liu et al., 2020b | China | Cross-sectional | School | 3,051 | Mean age 13 | Parental Phubbing Scale | √ | Social sensitivity / Loneliness | |||
| Qu et al., 2020 | China | Cross-sectional | School | 4,213 | 10–20 | Generic Scale of Being Phubbed | √ | √ | Perceived Mother Acceptance | ||
|
Stockdale et al., (2018) |
USA | Cross-sectional | School | 1,072 | 10–20 | The Technoference Scale | √ | √ | √ | √ | Anxiety / Depression |
| Wang et al., 2020 | China | Longitudinal | School | 2,407 | Mean age 12 | Parental Phubbing Scale | √ | √ | Low Self Esteem / Perceived Social Support | ||
| Wang et al., 2020 | China | Longitudinal | School | 2,407 | Mean age 12 | Parental Phubbing Scale | √ | Moral Disengagement | |||
| Wei et al., 2021 | China | Cross-sectional | School | 874 | 11–18 | Parental Phubbing Scale | √ | √ | √ | Anxiety | |
| Xie et al., 2019 | China | Cross-sectional | School | 1,007 | 11–16 | Parental Phubbing Scale | √ | √ | √ | Mobile Phone Addiction | |
| Xie & Xie, 2020 | China |
Study 1 Cross-sectional Study 2 Cross-sectional |
School School |
530 293 |
Study 1 Mean age 13 Study 2 Mean age 12 |
Parental Phubbing Scale | √ | Relatedness / Life Satisfaction | |||
| Zhang et al., 2021 | China | Cross-sectional | School | 471 | Mean age 13 | Parental Phubbing Scale | √ | √ | Social Anxiety / Core Self Evaluation | ||
Generic Scale of Being Phubbed (Chotpitayasunondh & Douglas, 2018); The Technoference Scale (McDaniel & Coyne, 2016); Parental Phubbing Scale (Roberts & Davies, 2016)