Table 1.
Clinical Presentation of Paraquat Intoxication
| Characteristics | Number of patients (%) |
|---|---|
| Gastrointestinal tract disorder (n = 141) | |
| - Yesa,b | 116 (82.3) |
| - Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea | 89 (28.6) |
| - Esophageal ulceration, dysphagia, heartburn | 87 (28.0) |
| - Oral ulceration, white patch (paraquat tongue) | 67 (21.6) |
| - Others | 68 (21.8) |
| Renal disorder (n = 138) | |
| - Yesa,c | 99 (71.7) |
| - Acute kidney injury/acute renal failure | 74 (43.3) |
| - Hypokalemia | 46 (26.9) |
| - Lactic acidosis/metabolic acidosis | 25 (14.6) |
| - Others | 26 (15.2) |
| Pulmonary disorder (n = 139) | |
| - Yesa,d | 63 (45.3) |
| - Tachypnea, dyspnea | 69 (39.7) |
| - Acute respiratory failure | 28 (16.1) |
| - Lung infiltration | 11 (6.3) |
| - Others | 66 (37.9) |
| Hepatic disorder (n = 138) | |
| - Yesa,e | 50 (36.2) |
| - Elevated liver enzymes | 59 (66.3) |
| - Liver failure | 11 (12.4) |
| - Acute hepatitis | 8 (8.9) |
| - Others | 11 (12.4) |
| Cardiovascular system disorder (n = 138) | |
| - Yesa,f | 40 (29.0) |
| - Tachycardia | 25 (39.7) |
| - Shock | 15 (23.8) |
| - Others | 23 (36.5) |
| Central nervous system disorder (n = 138) | |
| - Yesa,g | 20 (14.5) |
| - Loss of consciousness | 20 (74.1) |
| - Others | 7 (25.9) |
| Dermatological disorder (n = 138) | |
| - Yes | 14 (10.1) |
| - Sweating | 6 (42.8) |
| - Conjunctivitis | 4 (28.6) |
| - Others | 4 (28.6) |
aMore than one clinical presentation might be found in one patient
bn = 311
cn = 171
dn = 174
en = 89
fn = 63
gn = 27