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. 2023 Oct 20;5:53. doi: 10.1186/s42523-023-00275-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Alpha diversity (Shannon index) of nasal microbiota from piglet at different ages (D = days of age) and groups. Pregnant sows were treated with ceftiofur or remained untreated. A group of piglets born to treated sows remained nontreated (TS group), while piglets born to non-treated sows were treated with ceftiofur (TP group). A group of piglets were inoculated with selected colonizers of the upper respiratory tract either born to ceftiofur-treated sows (TS-IP) and to non-treated sows (IP group). As control, piglets born to non-treated sows remained non-treated