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. 2023 Oct 20;42:273. doi: 10.1186/s13046-023-02850-7

Table 2.

Common mechanisms of resistance to IGF-1R -targeted drugs

Mechanisms of resistance to IGF-1R targeted therapy References
Constitutive activation of downstream signaling PI3K-AKT-mTOR [85, 140]
Constitutive activation of downstream signaling MAPK cascade [141]
Absence of IRS-1, IRS-2 [142]
Plasma IGF-1R sequestering of anti-IGF1R antibodies [143]
InsR signaling compensating for IGF1R inhibition [144]
InsR-IGF1R hybrid receptors [28, 145]
Crosstalk with other receptors [11, 74, 75, 146149]