Table 1.
Participant baseline clinical characteristics according to tertiles of the baseline shunt parameter (ω0)
| Tertiles of ω0 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | All (N = 185) |
Low (n = 61) |
Middle (n = 62) |
High (n = 62) |
P |
| Age (years) | 42.8 ± 10.4 | 40.1 ± 11.6 | 43.5 ± 9.8 | 44.9 ± 9.3 | 0.0320 |
| Female | 111 (60) | 35 (57) | 38 (61) | 38 (61) | 0.8777 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 9.7 (3.0–15.0) | 4.4 (−0.9–10.4) | 9.4 (2.3–16.3) | 13.7 (9.6–18.0) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 35 ± 8 | 34 ± 8 | 35 ± 8 | 35 ± 9 | 0.6672 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 124 ± 17 | 121 ± 17 | 122 ± 15 | 130 ± 17 | 0.0031 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78 ± 11 | 75 ± 9 | 77 ± 11 | 81 ± 11 | 0.0023 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 93 ± 12 | 90 ± 11 | 92 ± 11 | 98 ± 12 | 0.0009 |
| Hypertension drug use* | 19 (10) | 3 (5) | 4 (6) | 12 (19) | 0.0148 |
| HbA1c | |||||
| % | 8.9 ± 2.5 | 8.5 ± 2.6 | 8.7 ± 2.4 | 9.6 ± 2.3 | 0.0270 |
| mmol/mol | 74 ± 27 | 69 ± 28 | 72 ± 26 | 81 ± 25 | |
| GFR (mL/min) | 147 ± 46 | 160 ± 47 | 149 ± 41 | 132 ± 46 | 0.0024 |
| Urine ACR (mg/g) | 41 (11–230) | 18 (7–54) | 52 (11–228) | 87 (22–806) | <0.0001 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 41 (38–44) | 42 (39–44) | 42 (38–44) | 40 (38–43) | 0.3424 |
| Total plasma protein (g/dL) | 6.7 ± 0.5 | 6.9 ± 0.4 | 6.7 ± 0.4 | 6.6 ± 0.6 | 0.0156 |
| Effective RPF (mL/min) | 773 ± 219 | 761 ± 201 | 811 ± 223 | 747 ± 229 | 0.2332 |
| Filtration fraction | 0.19 ± 0.04 | 0.21 ± 0.05 | 0.19 ± 0.03 | 0.18 ± 0.04 | <0.0001 |
| Renal blood flow (mL/min) | 1,323 ± 412 | 1,315 ± 391 | 1,389 ± 422 | 1,271 ± 422 | 0.3146 |
| Renal vascular resistance (mmHg/L/min) | 0.079 ± 0.034 | 0.078 ± 0.041 | 0.073 ± 0.023 | 0.086 ± 0.034 | 0.0782 |
| PGLO (mmHg) | 61.5 ± 8.5 | 64.7 ± 8.4 | 61.7 ± 7.0 | 58.1 ± 8.9 | <0.0001 |
| RA (dyne ⋅ s/cm5) | 2,381 ± 1,804 | 2,036 ± 1,915 | 2,055 ± 1,211 | 2,998 ± 2,005 | 0.0051 |
| RE (dyne ⋅ s/cm5) | 1,682 ± 441 | 1,876 ± 525 | 1,622 ± 330 | 1,551 ± 378 | 0.0001 |
| RA/RE ratio | 1.53 ± 1.27 | 1.09 ± 0.80 | 1.32 ± 0.83 | 2.13 ± 1.67 | 0.0003 |
| Mean pore radius of restrictive pores (Å) | 50.0 ± 3.6 | 48.2 ± 3.8 | 50.0 ± 3.0 | 51.9 ± 2.8 | <0.0001 |
| Breadth of log-normal distribution of restrictive pores (s) | 1.12 ± 0.03 | 1.14 ± 0.04 | 1.12 ± 0.03 | 1.11 ± 0.02 | <0.0001 |
| Shunt parameter (ω0) | 0.00138 ± 0.00072 | 0.00068 ± 0.00034 | 0.00130 ± 0.00032 | 0.00215 ± 0.00051 | <0.0001 |
| Kidney failure | 67 (36) | 11 (18) | 23 (37) | 33 (53) | 0.0003 |
Data are mean ± SD, median (IQR), or n (%). Lowest ω0 tertile <0.00102, middle ω0 tertile ≥0.00102 and <0.00166, and highest ω0 tertile ≥0.00166. P values for statistically significant differences are shown in bold. Missing data: HbA1c, n = 2; ACR, n = 1; hematocrit, n = 18; total plasma protein, n = 8; renal blood flow and renal vascular resistance, n = 18; PGLO, n = 8; RA, n = 26; RE, n = 18; RA/RE ratio, n = 26.
*
One of the 19 participants receiving an antihypertensive medicine at baseline was receiving an ACE inhibitor.