Table 1.
Association of smokeless tobacco consumption with risk factors of chronic kidney disease in the cross-sectional study conducted in 2020 in Mirzapur, Tangail, Bangladesh (N=872)
| Variables | Smokeless tobacco consumer (N=252) n (%) | Smokeless tobacco non-consumer (N=620) n (%) | All (N=872) n (%) | OR (95% CI) | p | AORa (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years)b | |||||||
| 18–30 (Ref.) | 3 (1) | 140 (23) | 143 (16) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 31–45 | 31 (12) | 186 (30) | 217 (25) | 0.25 (0.16–0.38) | <0.001 | 3.06 (1.91–4.90) | <0.001 |
| ≥46 | 218 (87) | 294 (47) | 512 (59) | 7.10 (4.79–10.94) | <0.001 | 15.69 (4.64–53.09) | <0.001 |
| Genderc | |||||||
| Female | 163 (65) | 327 (53) | 490 (56) | 1.64 (1.21–2.22) | 0.001 | 1.27 (0.59–2.74) | 0.545 |
| Education level | |||||||
| No formal schooling | 158 (63) | 158 (25) | 316 (36) | 4.91 (3.59–6.72) | <0.001 | 2.47 (1.72–3.55) | <0.001 |
| Occupation | |||||||
| Housewife | 150 (60) | 277 (45) | 427 (49) | 1.82 (1.35–2.45) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.42–2.65) | 0.914 |
| Farmer | 31 (12) | 47 (8) | 78 (9) | 1.71 (1.06–2.76) | 0.037 | 1.27 (0.70–2.28) | 0.427 |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Married | 191 (76) | 498 (80) | 689 (79) | 0.76 (0.54–1.09), | 0.162 | 1.47 (0.90–2.39) | 0.121 |
| Widow | 56 (22) | 48 (8) | 104 (12) | 3.40 (2.24–5.17) | <0.001 | 3.02 (0.96–9.48) | 0.058 |
| Family income | |||||||
| <$100/month | 52 (21) | 84 (13) | 136 (16) | 1.66 (1.13–2.43) | 0.012 | 0.82 (0.52–1.28) | 0.386 |
| Sleeping duration | |||||||
| <7 hours/day | 102 (40) | 140 (23) | 242 (28) | 2.33 (1.70–3.19) | <0.001 | 1.22 (0.85–1.74) | 0.280 |
| Present tobacco smoker | 46 (18) | 125 (20) | 171 (20) | 0.88 (0.61–1.29) | 0.583 | - | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
| Underweight (≤18.5) | 34 (13) | 57 (9) | 91 (10) | 1.54 (0.98–2.42) | 0.078 | - | |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 62 (25) | 188 (30) | 250 (29) | 0.75 (0.54–1.05) | 0.107 | - | |
| Obese (≥30) | 12 (5) | 41 (7) | 53 (6) | 0.71 (0.36–1.38) | 0.378 | - | |
| Abdominal obesityd | 94 (37) | 247 (40) | 341 (39) | 0.89 (0.66–1.21) | 0.535 | - | |
| Undernutritione | 63 (25) | 105 (17) | 168 (19) | 1.63 (1.15–2.33) | 0.008 | 1.29 (0.84–1.97) | 0.248 |
| Measurements | |||||||
| Hypertensionf | 121 (48) | 234 (38) | 355 (41) | 1.52 (1.13–2.05) | 0.006 | 0.95 (0.67–1.36) | 0.790 |
| Diabetesg | 49 (19) | 98 (16) | 147 (17) | 1.28 (0.87–1.87) | 0.229 | - | |
| Anemiah | 79 (31) | 118 (19) | 197 (23) | 1.94 (1.39–2.71) | <0.001 | 1.41 (0.96–2.07) | 0.082 |
| Chronic kidney diseasei | 71 (28) | 121 (19) | 192 (22) | 1.62 (1.15–2.27) | 0.006 | 0.92 (0.61–1.38) | 0.685 |
| Hypercholesterolemiaj | 59 (23) | 128 (21) | 187 (21) | 1.17 (0.83–1.67) | 0.417 | - | |
| Hypertriglyceridemiak | 93 (37) | 193 (31) | 286 (33) | 1.29 (0.95–1.76) | 0.117 | - |
AOR: adjusted odds ratio; adjusted for age, gender, education level, occupation, marital status, monthly family income, sleeping duration, undernutrition, hypertension, anemia, and chronic kidney disease.
Age-specific smokeless tobacco consumers were 2%, 14% and 43% for the age group of 18–30, 31–45, and ≥46 years, respectively (n=872).
Sex-specific smokeless tobacco consumers were 33% and 23% for females and males, respectively (n=872).
Waist circumference ≥94 cm in males, and ≥80 cm in females.
Mid-upper arm circumference <25 cm in males, and <24 cm in females.
Currently require antihypertensive therapy, and/or systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg.
History of diabetes, or fasting blood glucose >7 mmol/L.
Blood haemoglobin <13 g/dL in males, and <12 g/dL in females.
Measured according to the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation.
Serum total cholesterol >200 mg/dL.
Serum triglyceride >150 mg/dL.