Table 2.

The applications of endolysin against different pathogenic bacteria.

Lysin	Antibacterial activity spectrum	Significant features	Reference
PlyC	Streptococcus spp.	A powerful antibacterial endolysin was tested in a human and a mouse model. PlyC showed no undesirable symptoms and no hypersensitivity reaction. Potentially safe therapeutic endolysin used to treat bacterial infections.	Harhala et al. (2022)
LysAB54	Escherichia coli Acinetobacter. baumannii Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella pneumoniae	Natural novel Lysin. Rapid bactericidal activity. 100 μg/mL at 37°C for 10 min incubation can make a 4-log reduction. A broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Active against all the 40 tested gram-negative bacterial strains.	Khan et al. (2021b)
LysP53	E. coli A. baumannii P. aeruginosa K. pneumoniae	Engineered Chimeric Lysin. After 1 h of treatment to 100 μg/mL, bacteria were reduced by 5 logs. Higher decolonization efficacy in the mouse model of burn infection. A broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.	Li C. et al. (2021)
LysPA26	E. coli K. pneumonia A. baumannii P. aeruginosa	Natural Phage derived Lysin. 50 μg/mL can make 4 log reduction in 30 min. Eliminate biofilm formation. Retained good thermostability.	Guo et al. (2017)
PlyE146	E. coli A. baumannii P. aeruginosa	At a 400 μg /ml dose, E. coli and P. aeruginosa (3 to 3.8 log10 CFU/ml) were prevented after 2 h of treatment at 37°C. Acinetobacter baumannii (4.9 to 5 log10 CFU/mL) reduction.	Larpin et al. (2018)
LysABP-01	E. coli A. baumannii P. aeruginosa	20 μM (500 μg/mL) inhibited bacterial growth. Break down the crude cell wall of E. coli, A. baumannii, and P. aeruginosa strains.	Thummeepak et al. (2016)
Ply6A3	E. coli A. baumannii P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae MRSA	Ply6A3 (2 mg/mL) and lysozyme (2 mg/mL) can degrade the bacterial cells and generate a clear ring using the diffusion method. No side effects were observed after intraperitoneal injection into mice. The antibacterial effect of lysins PD-6A3 and Ply6A3 was better than a cocktail of 14 phages.	Wu et al. (2019)
LysAB2	A. baumannii S. aureus	Strong antibacterial activities against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The bacteria’s cells lysis significantly after exposure to 500 μg/ml of LysAB2 for up to 60 min. Lyse the cell walls of Staphylococcus aureus and peptidoglycan of A. baumannii.	Wu et al. (2019)
EndoT5	E. coli	4 to 5 log lysis activity of stationary phase of bacterial culture with the addition of permeabilizing agents. T5 endolysin in use with polymyxin B (0·4 μg m/ml) or chlorhexidine (0·5 μg/mL) decreased the number of CFUs by 5 log reduction and in use with poly-l-lysine (80 μg/mL) by 4 log reduction. Thermostable endolysin; After 30 min of heating at 90°C, it retained 65% of its initial activity.	Shavrina et al. (2016)
Lysep3	E. coli P. aeruginosa	In combination with EDTA (25 mM), Lysep3 does lysis of E. coli and P. aeruginosa. vB EcoM-ep3 (Phage of Lysep3) can lyse 9 out of 15 clinical isolates of MDR pathogenic E. coli from chickens.	Lv et al. (2015)
Art-175	Escherichia coli isolates	Colistin and Art-175 disrupt Gram-negative bacteria’s outer membrane. Art-175 killed all colistin-resistant E. coli strains isolated from chickens, cows, and pigs. No cross-resistance between Art-175 and colistin.	Schirmeier et al. (2018)
AcLys	E. coli P. aeruginosa A. baumannii K. pneumonia	Antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, resulting in a 1.52 (CFU)/mL reduction in live bacteria culture. AcLys, a “natural artilyzed” enzyme with a C-terminal-helical domain, has a significant anti-Gram-negative bacterial potential.	Sykilinda et al. (2018)
LysSS	E. coli Salmonella A. baumannii K. pneumonia P. aeruginosa MRSA	Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are susceptible to LysSS. Show activity against biofilm. Not cytotoxic to human cells. With an Intraperitoneal injection of LysSS (125 ug/mL), 40 per cent of mice were rescued from A. baumannii systemic infection.	Kim et al. (2020)
Lys68	S. typhimurium E. coli P. aeruginosa P. fluorescens A. baumannii	Broader spectrum lysis efficacy (1.5–3 log decrease). Lytic activity against the bacterial biofilm and its stationary phase. Lys68 showed more good activity against Pseudomonas strains. Citric acid with Lys68 and malic acid with Lys68 acid have broad antibacterial effects, especially against S. typhimurium LT2, which caused 3 to 5 log reductions. Lys68 shows good thermo-stability properties.	Oliveira et al. (2014)
SPN9CC	E. coli	0.5 μg/ml lysed all 23 gram-negative bacterial strains tested within 5 min. A broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Log phase bacteria are killed by 2 log reduction. With OMP (100 mM EDTA), its activity is increased by four logs reduction. Active and stable at a broad range of temperatures from 24 degrees to 65°C. It revealed maximum lytic activity at 50°C.	Lim et al. (2014)
SPN1S	S. typhimurium E. coli	It is classified into two subunits, one for enzymatic activity and the other for peptidoglycan binding activity. It has good lysis activity against bacterial cell peptidoglycans. Bactericidal activity against a wide spectrum of Gram-negative bacteria.	Park et al. (2014)
Ply17	P. aeruginosa E. coli S. aureus S. epidermidis	Ply17 in various concentrations was tested. Ply17 at 500 μg/mL decreased the viable numbers of EDTA-treated PAO1 by 1 log unit. 3 log killing activity against the log phase of bacteria. Showed better lytic activity at 37°C and 7.5 pH. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative species. Ply17 can split the peptidoglycan layer of bacteria.	Yang et al. (2018)
Lys394	E. coli	Lawn E. coli colony-forming unit’s ability was reduced by four orders of magnitude after 30 min of room temperature treatment with 25 μg of Lys394, 1 mM EDTA, and 50 μg g/ml of PGLa peptide. Lys394 was identified as an endopeptidase by in silico amino acid sequence analysis. At pH 8.5 and low ionic strength, enzyme activity peaked. It shows the lysis activity of planktonic bacteria in a lysin dose-dependent manner.	Legotsky et al. (2014)
Salmonella phage endolysin Gp110	Salmonella P. aeruginosa	Antimicrobial property toward\ P. aeruginosa PAO1 and S. typhimurium LT2. Heat resistance endolysin. At 20 to 90°C temperatures, Gp110 remains active.	Rodríguez-Rubio et al. (2016)
Ap3gp15	E. coli P. aeruginosa S. typhimurium K. pneumoniae, B. cenocepacia	AP3gp15 is a lysozyme that inactivates the PG-1,4-glycosidic bond, releasing GlcNAc and MurNAc. AP3gp15 is two times more potent than available commercial lysozyme. Active against S. enterica Typhimurium, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, B. cenocepacia, and E. coli. Heat-sensitive but relatively stable at low temperatures. No cytotoxic effect on mammalian cells. 50 μg /ml of Ap3gp15 had no side effects on cell lines.	Maciejewska et al. (2017)
Ply500	L. monocytogenes	Highly active against Listeria innocua. A 3-log and close to 5-log reduction was obtained after 24 h using 10 and 20 mg/mL of an enzyme, respectively, for a 105 CFU/mL listeria cell challenge.	Solanki et al. (2013)
λSA2-E-Lyso-SH3b and λSA2-E-LysK-SH3b	S. aureus	Intensely active in milk. 100 μg /ml in 3 h, diminish the bacterial load of S. aureus in the processed cow milk.	Schmelcher et al. (2012b)
ClyC	S. aureus	Highly active chimeric Lysin. Showed 9 Log reduction against S. aureus. In a mouse infection model of S. aureus, a single intraperitoneal injection dose of 0.1 mg/mouse of ClyC considerably increased survival rates. It reduced the bacterial loads in the infected mice’s organs by 2 Log10 (CFU/mL).	Li X. et al. (2021)
ClyH	S. aureus	Active against planktonic MRSA cells. ClyH eradicated MRSA biofilms in a time-dependent manner via cell lytic activity. Viable plate counts and kinetic analyses revealed that biofilms of differing ages were susceptible to ClyH. ClyH 10 μg /ml reduced biofilm biomass against methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA strains.	Yang et al. (2014a)
ClyH	S. aureus	ClyH MICs against S. aureus strains ranged from 0.05 to 1.61 mg/L. In a mice infection model, one dose of ClyH kept mice safe from the demise of MRSA infection. No side effects. No evidence of side effects.	Yang et al. (2014b)
ClyF	MRSA	ClyF has the best MRSA biofilm disruption activity. Antimicrobial activity against a broad range of S. aureus strains. In mice, bacteremia and wound infection models, a single treatment of ClyF showed good MRSA removal activity.	Yang et al. (2017)
SiBP1-ClyF	S. aureus	Good bactericidal activity against S. aureus. Strong antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. 12.5 μg/mL proteins, triggering a decline of 5.52-log10 in viable bacterial number. Effective in killing MRSA (>99.999 per cent within 1 h). Inhibiting the growth of dynamic and static S. aureus biofilms on various surfaces, including silicone catheters, siliconized glass, and silicone-coated latex catheters. Effective immobilization reliability on solid support surfaces.	Yang et al. (2021)
LyS15S6	Salmonella	High enzymatic activity. Broad lytic spectrum against E. coli, Shigella, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and Klebsiella. Good thermostability. Strong bactericidal activity against Salmonella. 1 μg/mL EPL (ɛ-poly-L-lysine), 2 μM LyS15S6 can make 3–4 log viable cell reductions after 2 h incubation at 25°C of the tested Enterobacteriaceae. 2.56 and 3.14 log reductions of Salmonella after 15 min of incubation at 25°C and 2 h of incubation at 8°C, respectively.	Han et al. (2019)
LysPBC1	Bacillus cereus	Rapidly kills the B. cereus host bacteria. Broad host specificity. Biocontrol agent against B. cereus. lyse all B. cereus group bacteria, including B. cereus, B. weihenstephanensis, B. mycoides, B. weihenstephanensis and B. thuringiensis.	Kong and Ryu (2015)
Psa and Psm	C. perfringens	Psa has high lytic bactericidal activity against C. perfringens. Good synergistic activity of 1.25 μg/mL of Psa and 3.9 0.16 μg/mL Psm. Psa and Psm together are helpful in the treatment and prevention of C. perfringens infections.	Sekiya et al. (2021)
LysCPS2	C. perfringens	Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Highly specific against the strains of C. perfringens. High thermostable endolysin. Retains 30% of its catalytic activity against C. perfringens after 10 min of reaction time at 95°C. Best bactericidal activity at pH 7.5–10 and temperature 25–65°C. Highly stable in a wide range of concentrations of NaCl. Detection and biocontrol agent against C. perfringens.	Ha et al. (2018)
LysSE24	Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Strains	Broad-spectrum activity against 23 multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains. LysSE24 is relatively stable at pH levels of 4.0 to 10.0 and temperatures of 20 to 60°C. 0.1 μM LysSE24 for up to 5 min reaction time denatured the Salmonella Enteritidis.	Ding et al. (2020)
LysSP1	S. typhimurium	Good bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative food-borne bacterial pathogens. 10 μg of LysSP1 combined with EDTA can kill all 106 CFU/mL of Salmonella cells. Showed lytic activity against salmonella strains, E. coli, E. coli O157, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes and Shigella. Best activity at 40°C. Stable at 4°C for 7 days and 180 days at-20°C. Active against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains.	Jiang et al. (2021)
LysSTG2	S. typhimurium	High thermal stability. 93% lytic activity after heating at 50°C. 100 μg/mL against S. typhimurium NBRC 12529 planktonic cells and its biofilms showed a 1.2 log reduction after 1-h incubation. 40 mg/L of chlorine and 100 g/mL of LysSTG2 eliminated more than 99% of biofilm cells.	Zhang et al. (2021)
LysT144	S. typhimurium	Wide broad-spectrum activity against Salmonella. 2 μg/mL has a fast and significant lytic activity against S. typhimurium. Within 30 min reaction time, reduced the OD600nm of chloroform-treated S. typhimurium from 0.80 to 0.14.	Yang et al. (2020b)