Table 1.
Sample and Demographic Variables
| Variable | ADHD (N=154) | Non-ADHD (N=96) | Cohen’s d | P | Possible Range | Obtained Range | Skewness | Kurtosis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||||||
| M | SD | M | SD | ADHD | Non-ADHD | ADHD | Non-ADHD | ADHD | Non-ADHD | ||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Sex (% Boys/Girls) | 67/33 | 56/44 | -- | .09, ns | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Ethnicity (% B/A/W/H/M) | 14/0/72/5/8 | 11/2/67/8/11 | -- | .34, ns | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Age | 10.11 | 1.44 | 10.57 | 1.46 | 0.32 | .01 | 8.00–13.92 | 8.10–13.34 | 8.12–13.37 | 0.60 | 0.29 | −0.82 | −1.05 |
| SES | 47.49 | 11.09 | 47.47 | 12.44 | −0.001 | .99, ns | 8–66 | 14–66 | 13–66 | −0.51 | −0.66 | −0.33 | −0.04 |
| FRI (Standard Scores) | 100.18 | 15.65 | 102.66 | 15.28 | 0.16 | .23, ns | 45–155 | 67–137 | 58–140 | −0.03 | −0.51 | −0.59 | 0.35 |
| COVID Protocol (% Y/N) | 19/81 | 20/80 | -- | .85, ns | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||
| ADHD Symptoms | |||||||||||||
| BASC-3 Attention Problems | |||||||||||||
| Parent (T-score) | 68.27 | 6.42 | 61.52 | 10.47 | −0.82 | <.001 | 10–120 | 48–81 | 36–81 | −0.54 | −0.19 | 0.17 | −0.82 |
| Teacher (T-score) | 65.56 | 8.23 | 57.04 | 11.16 | −0.90 | <.001 | 10–120 | 37–83 | 34–81 | −0.61 | −0.25 | 0.82 | −0.74 |
| BASC-3 Hyperactivity | |||||||||||||
| Parent (T-score) | 69.29 | 12.21 | 59.51 | 13.40 | −0.77 | <.001 | 10–120 | 42–99 | 38–93 | 0.01 | 0.65 | −0.30 | −0.06 |
| Teacher (T-score) | 64.38 | 14.39 | 52.60 | 12.14 | −0.87 | <.001 | 10–120 | 39–110 | 39–85 | 0.41 | 1.02 | −0.32 | −0.03 |
| Reading Measures | |||||||||||||
| Reading Comprehension | |||||||||||||
| KTEA-3 Reading | |||||||||||||
| Comprehension | 97.56 | 14.41 | 100.91 | 15.58 | 0.23 | .08, ns | 40–160 | 58–139 | 54–133 | 0.02 | −0.17 | 0.05 | 0.13 |
| KTEA-3 Silent Reading | |||||||||||||
| Fluency | 96.93 | 13.34 | 100.24 | 15.56 | 0.23 | .08, ns | 40–160 | 60–126 | 53–139 | −0.41 | −0.29 | −0.05 | 1.05 |
| Decoding | |||||||||||||
| KTEA-3 Letter & Word | |||||||||||||
| Recognition | 97.25 | 14.45 | 101.44 | 16.13 | 0.28 | .03 | 40–160 | 53–144 | 51–148 | 0.03 | −0.36 | 1.55 | 1.11 |
| KTEA-3 Nonsense Word | |||||||||||||
| Decoding | 87.59 | 14.40 | 99.67 | 15.79 | 0.80 | <.001 | 40–160 | 64–131 | 62–141 | 0.60 | 0.03 | −0.10 | 0.09 |
| KTEA-3 Word Reading | |||||||||||||
| Fluency | 91.88 | 16.77 | 99.51 | 16.44 | 0.46 | .01 | 40–160 | 41–160 | 49–132 | 0.40 | −0.47 | 4.01 | 0.53 |
| Language Comprehension | |||||||||||||
| KTEA-3 Listening | |||||||||||||
| Comprehension | 102.41 | 14.85 | 102.86 | 14.95 | 0.03 | .84, ns | 40–160 | 68–141 | 71–135 | 0.09 | −0.04 | −0.50 | −0.81 |
| WISC-V Similarities | 10.21 | 2.94 | 10.69 | 2.89 | 0.16 | .22, ns | 1–19 | 1–18 | 2–19 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.16 |
| WISC-V Vocabulary | 10.84 | 2.76 | 11.22 | 2.59 | 0.14 | .28, ns | 1–19 | 5–17 | 5–19 | −0.01 | −0.15 | −0.81 | 0.33 |
Note KTEA-3 = Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement – 3rd Edition (standard scores). WISC-V = Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fifth Edition (scaled scores). BASC = Behavior Assessment System for Children. Ethnicity: B = Black/African American, A = Asian, W = White Non-Hispanic, H = Hispanic/Latino, M = Multiracial. FRI = Fluid Reasoning Index (WISC-V), SES = Hollingshead socioeconomic status.