Table 2. Perioperative Interventions in ERP Versus Non-ERP Protocol.

	ERP	Non-ERP
Perioperative interventions
Counseling and education	Patient was provided counseling, booklet, and YouTube video on recovery program. Pre-habilitation initiated	At discretion of surgeon
Fluids and fasting	Fluid carbohydrate loading until 2 h before surgery. No solids foods after midnight	No fluids or solid food allowed after midnight before surgery
Bowel preparation	Minimal bowel preparation	At discretion of surgeon
Prophylaxis	DVT, infection, and hypothermia prophylaxis as per guidelines	DVT, infection, and hypothermia prophylaxis as per guidelines
Intraoperative interventions
Analgesia	Multimodal analgesia with no or short-acting premedication, minimal sedation and narcotics, routine use of nerve blocks	At discretion of surgeon
NGT	Sparing use of NGT, early removal postoperatively	Routine use at discretion of surgeon
Urinary catheter	Sparing use of Foley, early removal postoperatively	Routine use at discretion of surgeon
Drain	Sparing use of drain, early removal postoperatively	Routine use at discretion of surgeon
Surgical approach	Minimally invasive: laparoscopic/robotic	Minimally invasive: laparoscopic/robotic
Intravenous fluids	Avoid salt and water overload, minimal administration, dependent on operation	At discretion of surgeon
Hypothermia prevention	Active warm air blanket	Active warm air blanket
Postoperative interventions
Analgesia	Multimodal with minimal opioids	At discretion of surgeon
Mobilization	Early and frequent	At discretion of surgeon
Nutrition	Early oral nutrition, gum chewing	At discretion of surgeon
IV fluids	Minimal IV fluid hydration	At discretion of surgeon

ERP: enhanced recovery protocol; DVT: deep venous thrombosis; NGT: nasogastric tube; IV: intravenous.