Table 3.
Clinical Outcomes with Daycare Attendance
| OR ± SE [95% C.I.] | Odds ratio with attending daycare* | P value | Adjusted odds ratio with attending daycare** | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute care | Sick visits | 1.67 ± 0.77 [0.68, 4.12] (n=336 with 705 visits) |
0.27 | 1.81 ± 0.83 [0.74, 4.43] (n=321 with 681 visits) |
0.20 |
| Emergency department visits | 2.54 ± 1.05 [1.14, 5.71] (n=332 with 700 visits) |
0.023 | 2.81 ± 1.16 [1.26, 6.31] (n=318 with 678 visits) |
0.012 | |
| Hospital readmissions | 1.86 ± 0.81 [0.79, 4.35] (n=332 with 700 visits) |
0.16 | 2.15 ± 0.92 [0.93, 4.97] (n=318 with 678 visits) |
0.07 | |
| Antibiotics | 2.13 ± 0.90 [0.93, 4.89] (n=330 with 696 visits) |
0.07 | 1.71 ± 0.65 [0.82, 3.60] (n=315 with 672 visits) |
0.16 | |
| Systemic steroids | 4.66 ± 2.32 [1.76, 12.35] (n=328 with 692 visits) |
0.002 | 4.23 ± 2.02 [1.66, 10.76] (n=315 with 671 visits) |
0.002 | |
| Chronic symptoms and medication use | Trouble breathing | 2.16 ± 0.72 [1.12, 4.17] (n=335 with 687 visits) |
0.022 | 2.66 ± 0.90 [1.37, 5.17] (n=319 with 663 visits) |
0.004 |
| Nighttime symptoms | 1.49 ± 0.54 [0.73, 3.05] (n=336 with 688 visits) |
0.28 | 1.79 ± 0.66 [0.86, 3.70] (n=319 with 663 visits) |
0.12 | |
| Activity limitations | 3.92 ± 1.68 [1.69, 9.09] (n=332 with 681 visits) |
0.001 | 4.03 ± 1.74 [1.73, 9.38] (n=315 with 656 visits) |
0.001 | |
| Rescue medication use | 8.96 ± 4.67 [3.22, 24.90] (n=333 with 685 visits) |
<0.001 | 7.38 ± 3.51 [2.90, 18.77] (n=316 with 660 visits) |
<0.001 | |
Odds ratios were generated through univariate nested mixed logistic regression models with clinic visits (prior to 3 years of age) nested within subjects nested within BPD centers. A random co-efficient was included for age at the time of visit. Daycare attendance was coded as time-varying. Outcomes were coded as no=0 and yes=1.
Regressions were adjusted for age at the time of clinic visit, age at initial hospital discharge, presence of pulmonary hypertension on or after 36 weeks corrected age, any respiratory support at the time of clinic visit (i.e., supplemental oxygen, tracheostomy, home ventilator, and/or CPAP/BiPAP), and any feeding tube at the time of clinic visit (i.e., nasogastric, gastrostomy, jejunostomy, or gastrojejunostomy tubes). N refers to the number of subjects and their total number of clinic visits in aggregate for each outcome.