TABLE 1.
Anthropometric parameters, body structure components, haematological and biochemical blood values. Data are reported as median, quartiles and point of change (absolute changes).
| PD (n = 9) | CD (n = 6) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Me (Q1; Q3) 1–2 | 1–3 | 1–4 | 1–5 | F | 1 Me (Q1; Q3) 1–2 | 1–3 | 1–4 | 1–5 | F | |||
| Anthropometric parameters | ||||||||||||
| BM [kg] | 91.36 (87.50;99.50) | -1.76 | -0.19* | -4.45** | -2.91** | ** | 88.40 (84.70;100.65) | -0.8 | -0.85 | -2.3 | -2.95** | ** |
| BMI [kg/m2] | 26.07 (25.75; 27.01) | -0.82 | -0.85* | -0.64** | -0.93** | ** | 25.99 (25.90; 27.90) | -0.28 | -0.31 | -0.49 | -0.5** | ** |
| FM [%] | 22.60 (19.00; 23.30) | -1.6 | -3.0** | -3.20** | -5.0** | ** | 19.15 (18.45; 24.28) | -1.5 | -2.1 | -2.25** | -1.0* | ** |
| FM [kg] | 18.90 (16.15; 21.55) | -1.67 | -2.03 | -2.73** | -3.45** | ** | 16.17 (13.89; 23.41) | -1.41 | -1.9 | -2.3** | -2.11** | ** |
| FFM [%] | 78.39 (73.95; 81.85) | +1.18 | +2.61* | +3.03** | +3.6** | ** | 81.68 (76.77; 82.38) | +1.48 | +2.08 | +2.17** | +1.89* | ** |
| FFM [kg] | 72. 93 (67.49; 75.74) | -0.04 | -1.77 | -1.79 | -1.16 | NS | 72.47 (70.84; 77.33) | +0.69 | +0.86 | +0.74 | +0.72 | NS |
| MM [%] | 42.03 (39.00; 42.87) | -0.69 | -1.06* | -0.44* | +0.6 | * | 43.17 (42.00; 43.57) | -2.14 | -1.67 | -0.65 | -1.05 | NS |
| MM [kg] | 38.20 (35.11; 41.13) | -1.71 | -1.73* | -1.43* | -0.75 | * | 38.18 (36.72; 42.41) | -1.04 | -1.5 | -1.18 | -1.0 | * |
| BMC [g] | 3877.00 (3548; 4207) | -54 | -48 | -60 | -52 | * | 3972 (3741; 4229) | +27 | +1 | +11 | -2 | NS |
| BMD [g/cm2] | 1.42 (1.39; 1.58) | -0.02 | -0.03 | +0.02 | +0.01 | ** | 1.55 (1.44; 1.63) | -0.07 | -0.07 | -0.08 | -0.05 | NS |
| Blood counts | ||||||||||||
| HGB [g/dl] | 15.50 (14.80; 16.00) | -0.5 | -0.4 | 0 | -0.4 | NS | 15.50 (14.88; 15.68) | -0.2 | +0.1 | +01 | 0 | NS |
| HCT [%] | 45.80 (43.2; 47.60) | -1.3 | -1.0 | -0.7 | -1.0 | NS | 45.60 (43.73; 46.35) | -1.0 | +0.1 | -0.55 | -0.95 | NS |
| Erythrocytes [mln/µl] | 5.44 (5.20; 5.53) | -0.13 | -0.11 | -0.15 | -0.29 | NS | 5.22 (5.07; 5.39) | +0.02 | +0.05 | +0.14 | -0.16 | NS |
| MCHC [g/dl] | 34.30 (33.50; 34.30) | 0 | -0.40 | +0.2 | +0.1 | NS | 34.00 (33.93; 34.15) | -0.05 | +0.25 | +0.20 | +0.60 | NS |
| MCH [p/g] | 29.16 (28.60; 29.80) | +0.14 | +0.14 | +0.14 | -0.06 | NS | 29.35 (28.68; 30.40) | +0.40 | +0.45 | +0.25 | +0.30 | NS |
| MCV [fl] | 84.34 (84.10; 87.50) | +0.16 | -0.24 | +0.16 | +0.16 | NS | 86.95 (83.50; 89.95) | +0.01 | +0.25 | -0.75 | -1.40 | * |
| RDW-CW [%] | 12.60 (12.20; 12.90) | -0.1 | -0.1 | -0.2** | -0.2 | * | 12.70 (12.25; 13.15) | +0.05 | +0.2 | -0.1 | -0.3 | NS |
| Leukocytes [tys/µl] | 6.79 (6.44; 7.78) | -1.5 | -1.46# | -1.09 | -0.58 | ** | 8.14 (6.03; 8.67) | -1.34 | -1.51# | -1.83 | -1.78 | NS |
| Monocytes [tys/µl] | 0.60 (0.50; 0.60) | -0.10 | -0.10# | -0.10# | 0 | ** | 0.65 (0.53; 0.93) | 0 | +0.05# | -0.05# | -0.05 | NS |
| Lymphocytes [tys/µl] | 2.80 (2.40; 3.43) | -0.4 | -0.5** | -0.1 | -0.5 | ** | 2.70 (2.25; 3.15) | -0.5 | -0.3 | -0.45 | -0.6 | NS |
| Neutrophils [tys/µl] | 3.60 (3.20; 4.00) | -0.9 | -1.1** | -0.8 | -0.8 | ** | 3.95 (3.08; 4.30) | -0.35 | -0.5 | -0.9 | -1.25 | NS |
| Basophils [tys/µl] | 0.03 (0.03; 0.05) | 0 | +0.02 | -0.01 | -0.01 | NS | 0.065 (0.04; 0.08) | 0 | -0.005 | -0.005 | -0.005 | NS |
| Eosinophils [tys/µl] | 0.11 (0.15; 0.33) | +0.03 | +0.08 | +0.07 | +0.07 | NS | 0.17 (0.13; 0.29) | -0.03 | -0.05 | -0.01 | +0.05 | NS |
| Platelets [tys/µl] | 264 (249.00; 277.10) | -2 | -18 | -30 | 0 | * | 259.5 (252.5; 321.25) | +24 | +1 | +6.5 | +5.5 | NS |
| PDW [fl] | 13.50 (12.58; 15.50) | +1.3 | +0.9 | +1.5 | +0.2 | * | 14.55 (13.40; 15.33) | +0.85 | +1.6 | +1.05 | +1.4 | NS |
| P-LCR [%] | 36.00 (32.19; 41.70) | +1.7 | +3.0 | +4.0 | -0.30 | * | 37.60 (34.53; 40.75) | +4.95 | +4.35 | +3.6 | +2.70 | * |
| MPV [fl] | 11.20 (10.78; 12.10) | +0.4 | +0.4 | +0.6 | +0.1 | * | 11.45 (11.10; 11.80) | +0.55 | +0.55* | +0.50 | +0.35 | * |
| PCT [%] | 0.3 (0.3; 0.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NS | 0.3 (0.3; 0.375) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NS |
| Lipid profile | ||||||||||||
| TC [mmol/l] | 3.84 (3.77; 4.31) | +0.03 | +0.53 | +0.33 | +0.27 | NS | 4.65 (4.22; 4.77) | -0.41* | -0.10 | -0.27 | -0.19 | * |
| HDL-C [mmol/l] | 1.39 (1.31; 1.91) | +0.15 | 0 | +0.03 | +0.24# | NS | 1.29 (1.08; 1.64) | -0.10 | -0.11 | -0.09 | -0.06# | NS |
| LDL-C [mmol/l] | 2.18 (2.05; 2.52) | -0.25 | +0.27 | -0.06 | +0.05 | NS | 2.14 (1.81; 2.54) | -0.07 | +0.30 | +0.28 | +0.36 | NS |
| TG [mmol/dl] | 1.02 (0.78; 1.38) | -0.31* | -0.29 | -0.37 | -0.11 | * | 1.36 (1.16; 1.96) | -0.48 | +0.5 | -0.11 | -0.35 | NS |
| Carbohydrates and fat metabolism | ||||||||||||
| Glucose [mmol/l] | 5.29 (4.86; 5.44) | -0.6* | -0.45 | -0.69** | -0.13 | ** | 5.10 (5.04; 5.19) | -0.29 | -0.31 | -0.15 | -0.09 | NS |
| Insulin [µIU/ml] | 7.20 (6.69; 8.20) | -1.3 | -1.5 | -1.65 | -0.24 | NS | 6.63 (5.70; 7.51) | -0.48 | +0.86 | +0.87 | -0.58 | NS |
| FFA [mmol/l] | 0.56 (0.24; 0.68) | -0.07 | -0.24 | -0.18 | -0.27 | NS | 0.24 (0.14; 0.39) | +0.32 | +0.21 | +0.04 | +0.05 | NS |
| b-HB [mmol/l] | 0.05 (0.03; 0.06) | +0.14 | +0.05 | +0.09 | +0.03 | NS | 0.04 (0.03; 0.04) | +0.12 | +0.10 | -0.02 | +0.03 | NS |
| Electrolytes | ||||||||||||
| Sodium [mmol/l] | 142.00 (141.00;95.00) | -1 | 0 | -2 | +13* | * | 141.5 (139.50;142) | -2.5 | -0.5 | -1 | 0 | NS |
| Calcium [mmol/l] | 2.36 (2.29; 2.45) | +0.09 | +0.13** | +0.11* | +0.14* | ** | 2.42 (2.39; 2.47) | +0.06 | +0.10 | +0.02 | -0.01 | NS |
| Magnesium [mmol/l] | 0.83 (0.81; 0.84) | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.05 | +0.02 | NS | 0.83 (0.81; 0.85) | +0.11* | +0.06 | +0.03 | 0 | ** |
| Potassium [mmol/l] | 4.51 (4.34; 4.79) | 0 | -0.01 | +0.11 | -0.14 | NS | 4.58 (4.36; 4.92) | -0.03 | +0.02 | +0.09 | +0.14 | NS |
| Kidney parameters | ||||||||||||
| Creatinine [µmol/l] | 93.00 (81.00; 95.00) | +13 | +12 | +10* | +1 | * | 94.00 (93.25; 94.00) | +6.5 | +7 | +1.5 | +9.5* | ** |
| eGFR [ml/min/1.73m2] | 88.13 (83.79; 91.00) | -12.32 | -11.71 | -9.94 | -1.09 | * | 85.93 (84.09; 86.19) | -6.9 | -8.36 | -3.53 | -9.63 | * |
| Urea [mmol/l] | 5.00 (4.60; 8.49) | +2.2 | +1.6 | +1.9 | +1.9 | NS | 5.70 (5.53; 6.10) | -0.35 | +0.4 | +0.55 | +1.7 | NS |
| Uric acid [µmol/l] | 320 (310.00; 368.00) | +51 | +18 | +42 | +19 | NS | 303(274.25; 314.50) | +71* | +44 | +36 | +34 | NS |
| Cystatin C [mg/dl] | 0.86 (0.76; 0.86) | -0.08 | -0.08 | -0.02 | +0.07 | * | 0.79 (0.70; 0.89) | +0.04 | +0.07 | +0.03 | +0.10 | ** |
| Urine pH | 6.5 (5; 7) | -1.5 | -1.5 | -1.5 | -1.5 | NS | 5.5 (5; 6.75) | 0 | -0.5 | +0.25 | -0.5 | NS |
| Liver parameters | ||||||||||||
| ALT [U/l] | 21.00 (18.00; 32.00) | +5 | +4.7 | +1 | +1 | NS | 25.50 (19.25; 34.75) | -1.6 | -3.7 | -4.2 | -4.9 | NS |
| AST [U/l] | 23.00 (19.00; 28.00) | +1 | +1 | -2.2 | -1.2 | NS | 26.50 (25.25; 27.75) | +1.52 | -1.82 | -4.12 | -3.07 | NS |
| Alkaline Phosphatase [U/l] | 88.00 (63.00; 106.00) | -9 | -12 | -8 | +3 | * | 77.50 (67.50; 90.50) | +4.5 | +4 | -1.5 | 0 | NS |
| GGTP [mmol/l] | 17.00 (11.00; 20.00) | -2 | -4 | -4* | -4 | * | 16.00 (11.75; 20.25) | -2 | -3 | -3 | -2.5 | NS |
| Total bilirubin [µmol/l] | 7.70 (6.10; 8.50) | +1.5 | +2.2 | +2.8 | 0 | NS | 7.40 (5.78; 12.25) | +2.75 | +3.2 | +1.55 | +1.55 | NS |
Abbreviations: PD – Paleo diet; CD – control diet; Me – median; Q1 – upper quartile; Q3 – lower quartile; 1–2; 1–3; 1–4; 1–5 – differences between particular series; F – Friedman’s Test; BM – body mass; BMI – body mass index; FM – fat mass; FFM – fat free mass; MM – muscle mass; BMC – body mineral content; BMD – body mass density; HGB – haemoglobin; HCT – hematocrit; MCHC – mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; MCH – mean corpuscular haemoglobin; MCV – mean corpuscular volume; RDW-CV – red blood cell distribution with coefficient of variation; PDW – platelet distribution width; P-LCR – platelet-large cell ratio; MPV – mean platelet volume; PCT – procalcitonin; TC – total cholesterol; HDL-C – high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C – low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG – triglycerides; FFA – free fatty acids; b-HB – beta-hydroxybutyrate; e-GFR – estimated glomerular filtration rate; ALT – alanine aminotransferase; AST – aspartate aminotransferase; GGTP – gamma-glutamyl transferase; italics – changes between 1–5 series;
– test probability at the level of p < 0.05 intragroup;
– p < 0.01;
# – test probability at the level of p < 0.05 intergroup; ## – p < 0.01 in U-Mann test.