Table 1.
Demographic and Hospital Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19, Dec 2020–Apr 2022
| LFO upon admission | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before Matching | After Matchinga | ||||
| Non-remdesivir | Remdesivir | Non-remdesivir (Weighted) | Remdesivir | ||
| n = 34 201 | n = 81 811 | n= 67 582 | n = 67 582 | ||
| Age group, y | 18–49 | 5321 (15.6) | 18 202 (22.2) | 14 099 (20.9) | 14 099 (20.9) |
| 50–64 | 9588 (28.0) | 26 128 (31.9) | 21 490 (31.8) | 21 490 (31.8) | |
| 65+ | 19 292 (56.4) | 37 481 (45.8) | 31 993 (47.3) | 31 993 (47.3) | |
| Gender | Female | 17 320 (50.6) | 39 824 (48.7) | 32 208 (47.7) | 32 965 (48.8) |
| Race | White | 25 665 (75.0) | 61 007 (74.6) | 51 540 (76.3) | 50 389 (74.6) |
| Black | 5033 (14.7) | 10 006 (12.2) | 7491 (11.1) | 8212 (12.2) | |
| Asian | 506 (1.5) | 1651 (2.0) | 1333 (2.0) | 1397 (2.1) | |
| Other | 2997 (8.8) | 9147 (11.2) | 7218 (10.7) | 7584 (11.2) | |
| Ethnicity | Hispanic | 3642 (10.6) | 13 093 (16.0) | 9885 (14.6) | 10 653 (15.8) |
| Non-Hispanic | 27 356 (80.0) | 62 731 (76.7) | 52 714 (78.0) | 51 889 (76.8) | |
| Unknown | 3203 (9.4) | 5987 (7.3) | 4983 (7.4) | 5040 (7.5) | |
| Primary payor | Commercial | 8180 (23.9) | 26 860 (32.8) | 21 072 (31.2) | 21 614 (32.0) |
| Medicare | 20 167 (59.0) | 38 718 (47.3) | 33 585 (49.7) | 32 941 (48.7) | |
| Medicaid | 2938 (8.6) | 8250 (10.1) | 6464 (9.6) | 6516 (9.6) | |
| Other | 2916 (8.5) | 7983 (9.8) | 6461 (9.6) | 6511 (9.6) | |
| Variant period | Pre-Delta | 11 952 (34.9) | 31 780 (38.8) | 26 455 (39.2) | 26 455 (39.2) |
| Delta | 12 391 (36.2) | 34 788 (42.5) | 28 819 (42.6) | 28 819 (42.6) | |
| Omicron | 9858 (28.8) | 15 243 (18.6) | 12 308 (18.2) | 12 308 (18.2) | |
| Admission source | Transfer from SNF or ICF | 572 (1.7) | 861 (1.1) | 838 (1.2) | 745 (1.1) |
| Hospital size, no. of beds | <100 | 2838 (8.3) | 7183 (8.8) | 5349 (7.9) | 5734 (8.5) |
| 100–199 | 5853 (17.1) | 18 478 (22.6) | 15 437 (22.8) | 15 052 (22.3) | |
| 200–299 | 8058 (23.6) | 17 712 (21.6) | 14 772 (21.9) | 14 810 (21.9) | |
| 300–399 | 6817 (19.9) | 13 715 (16.8) | 11 143 (16.5) | 11 670 (17.3) | |
| 400–499 | 4088 (12.0) | 7009 (8.6) | 6322 (9.4) | 5757 (8.5) | |
| 500+ | 6547 (19.1) | 17 714 (21.7) | 14 559 (21.5) | 14 559 (21.5) | |
| Hospital location | Urban | 28 921 (84.6) | 67 110 (82.0) | 56 384 (83.4) | 55 838 (82.6) |
| Rural | 5280 (15.4) | 14 701 (18.0) | 11 198 (16.6) | 11 744 (17.4) | |
| Teaching hospital | 12 738 (37.2) | 27 058 (33.1) | 21 893 (32.4) | 22 528 (33.3) | |
| Region | Midwest | 8534 (25.0) | 18 170 (22.2) | 15 304 (22.6) | 14 860 (22.0) |
| Northeast | 1488 (4.4) | 4554 (5.6) | 3720 (5.5) | 3588 (5.3) | |
| South | 19 459 (56.9) | 47 936 (58.6) | 38 935 (57.6) | 39 885 (59.0) | |
| West | 4720 (13.8) | 11 151 (13.6) | 9623 (14.2) | 9249 (13.7) | |
| Comorbidities | Obesity | 11 096 (32.4) | 31 473 (38.5) | 25 841 (38.2) | 26 104 (38.6) |
| COPD | 9713 (28.4) | 21 696 (26.5) | 18 465 (27.3) | 18 062 (26.7) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 27 261 (79.7) | 58 867 (72.0) | 49 872 (73.8) | 49 486 (73.2) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 13 473 (39.4) | 29 245 (35.7) | 24 667 (36.5) | 24 608 (36.4) | |
| Renal disease | 9357 (27.4) | 11 044 (13.5) | 10 058 (14.9) | 9502 (14.1) | |
| Cancer | 1398 (4.1) | 2793 (3.4) | 2528 (3.7) | 2381 (3.5) | |
| Immunocompromised condition | 11 675 (34.1) | 17 022 (20.8) | 15 206 (22.5) | 14 533 (21.5) | |
| Hospital ward upon admission | General ward | 29 703 (86.8) | 69 809 (85.3) | 57 850 (85.6) | 57 686 (85.4) |
| ICU/step-down | 4498 (13.2) | 12 002 (14.7) | 9732 (14.4) | 9896 (14.6) | |
| Admit diagnosis | Sepsis | 151 (0.4) | 251 (0.3) | 173 (0.3) | 214 (0.3) |
| Pneumonia/respiratory failure | 2652 (7.8) | 5114 (6.3) | 3935 (5.8) | 4185 (6.2) | |
| Other COVID-19 treatments at baseline | Anticoagulants | 9959 (29.1) | 14 398 (17.6) | 12 433 (18.4) | 12 238 (18.1) |
| Corticosteroids | 30 695 (89.7) | 79 947 (97.7) | 66 256 (98.0) | 66068 (97.8) | |
| Convalescent plasma | 1081 (3.2) | 8545 (10.4) | 6216 (9.2) | 6119 (9.1) | |
| Tocilizumab | 1265 (3.7) | 4205 (5.1) | 3728 (5.5) | 3659 (5.4) | |
| Baricitinib | 2479 (7.2) | 4635 (5.7) | 3431 (5.1) | 3992 (5.9) | |
| HFO/NIV upon admission | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before Matching | After Matchinga | ||||
| Non-remdesivir | Remdesivir | Non-remdesivir (weighted) | Remdesivir | ||
| n = 15 495 | n = 39 034 | n = 34 857 | n = 34 857 | ||
| Age group, y | 18–49 | 2342 (15.1) | 7745 (19.8) | 6572 (18.9) | 6572 (18.9) |
| 50–64 | 5080 (32.8) | 13 542 (34.7) | 12 206 (35.0) | 12 206 (35.0) | |
| 65+ | 8073 (52.1) | 17 747 (45.5) | 16 079 (46.1) | 16 079 (46.1) | |
| Gender | Female | 6674 (43.1) | 16 722 (42.8) | 14 881 (42.7) | 14 991 (43.0) |
| Race | White | 11 527 (74.4) | 28 635 (73.4) | 25 753 (73.9) | 25 638 (73.6) |
| Black | 2449 (15.8) | 5567 (14.3) | 4685 (13.4) | 5005 (14.4) | |
| Asian | 197 (1.3) | 831 (2.1) | 664 (1.9) | 696 (2.0) | |
| Other | 1322 (8.5) | 4001 (10.3) | 3755 (10.8) | 3518 (10.1) | |
| Ethnicity | Hispanic | 1400 (9.0) | 5697 (14.6) | 4788 (13.7) | 4825 (13.8) |
| Non-Hispanic | 12 771 (82.4) | 29 559 (75.7) | 26 694 (76.6) | 26 633 (76.4) | |
| Unknown | 1324 (8.5) | 3778 (9.7) | 3375 (9.7) | 3399 (9.8) | |
| Primary payor | Commercial | 3794 (24.5) | 12 160 (31.2) | 10 935 (31.4) | 10 791 (31.0) |
| Medicare | 8709 (56.2) | 18 830 (48.2) | 16 979 (48.7) | 16 979 (48.7) | |
| Medicaid | 1629 (10.5) | 4627 (11.9) | 4058 (11.6) | 4062 (11.7) | |
| Other | 1363 (8.8) | 3417 (8.8) | 2885 (8.3) | 3025 (8.7) | |
| Variant period | Pre-Delta | 4279 (27.6) | 13 661 (35.0) | 12 160 (34.9) | 12 160 (34.9) |
| Delta | 6050 (39.0) | 16 914 (43.3) | 15 166 (43.5) | 15 166 (43.5) | |
| Omicron | 5166 (33.3) | 8459 (21.7) | 7531 (21.6) | 7531 (21.6) | |
| Admission source | Transfer from SNF or ICF | 283 (1.8) | 547 (1.4) | 475 (1.4) | 480 (1.4) |
| Hospital size, no. of beds | <100 | 1343 (8.7) | 3112 (8.0) | 2914 (8.4) | 2727 (7.8) |
| 100–199 | 2159 (13.9) | 6687 (17.1) | 5656 (16.2) | 5843 (16.8) | |
| 200–299 | 3031 (19.6) | 8328 (21.3) | 7558 (21.7) | 7524 (21.6) | |
| 300–399 | 3071 (19.8) | 7189 (18.4) | 6303 (18.1) | 6581 (18.9) | |
| 400–499 | 1866 (12.0) | 4052 (10.4) | 3963 (11.4) | 3719 (10.7) | |
| 500+ | 4025 (26.0) | 9666 (24.8) | 8463 (24.3) | 8463 (24.3) | |
| Hospital location | Urban | 12 672 (81.8) | 32 662 (83.7) | 29 298 (84.1) | 29 147 (83.6) |
| Rural | 2823 (18.2) | 6372 (16.3) | 5559 (15.9) | 5710 (16.4) | |
| Teaching hospital | 7025 (45.3) | 15 061 (38.6) | 13 403 (38.5) | 13 544 (38.9) | |
| Region | Midwest | 3563 (23.0) | 7584 (19.4) | 6889 (19.8) | 6877 (19.7) |
| Northeast | 1368 (8.8) | 4412 (11.3) | 3832 (11.0) | 3775 (10.8) | |
| South | 8400 (54.2) | 21 902 (56.1) | 19 593 (56.2) | 19 579 (56.2) | |
| West | 2164 (14.0) | 5136 (13.2) | 4543 (13.0) | 4626 (13.3) | |
| Comorbidities | Obesity | 7279 (47.0) | 19 777 (50.7) | 17 320 (49.7) | 17 600 (50.5) |
| COPD | 5133 (33.1) | 12 179 (31.2) | 10 300 (29.5) | 10 743 (30.8) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 13 332 (86.0) | 31 984 (81.9) | 28 679 (82.3) | 28 693 (82.3) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 7059 (45.6) | 17 230 (44.1) | 15 143 (43.4) | 15 370 (44.1) | |
| Renal disease | 4902 (31.6) | 6823 (17.5) | 6210 (17.8) | 6142 (17.6) | |
| Cancer | 616 (4.0) | 1290 (3.3) | 1126 (3.2) | 1146 (3.3) | |
| Immunocompromised condition | 5924 (38.2) | 9690 (24.8) | 8820 (25.3) | 8714 (25.0) | |
| Hospital ward upon admission | General ward | 10 186 (65.7) | 26 199 (67.1) | 22 778 (65.3) | 23 237 (66.7) |
| ICU/step-down | 5309 (34.3) | 12 835 (32.9) | 12 079 (34.7) | 11 620 (33.3) | |
| Admit diagnosis | Sepsis | 84 (0.5) | 151 (0.4) | 145 (0.4) | 136 (0.4) |
| Pneumonia/respiratory failure | 1261 (8.1) | 2915 (7.5) | 2673 (7.7) | 2643 (7.6) | |
| Other COVID-19 treatments at baseline | Anticoagulants | 5010 (32.3) | 8819 (22.6) | 7980 (22.9) | 7977 (22.9) |
| Corticosteroids | 14 197 (91.6) | 38 192 (97.8) | 34 224 (98.2) | 34 186 (98.1) | |
| Convalescent plasma | 434 (2.8) | 3751 (9.6) | 2686 (7.7) | 2603 (7.5) | |
| Tocilizumab | 1967 (12.7) | 5775 (14.8) | 5339 (15.3) | 5199 (14.9) | |
| Baricitinib | 2447 (15.8) | 5475 (14.0) | 5021 (14.4) | 5110 (14.7) | |
| IMV/ECMO upon admission | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before Matching | After Matchinga | ||||
| Non-remdesivir | Remdesivir | Non-remdesivir (Weighted) | Remdesivir | ||
| n = 3762 | n = 4961 | n = 4164 | n = 4164 | ||
| Age group, y | 18–49 | 819 (21.8) | 1113 (22.4) | 892 (21.4) | 892 (21.4) |
| 50–64 | 1246 (33.1) | 1751 (35.3) | 1474 (35.4) | 1474 (35.4) | |
| 65+ | 1697 (45.1) | 2097 (42.3) | 1798 (43.2) | 1798 (43.2) | |
| Gender | Female | 1632 (43.4) | 2231 (45.0) | 1876 (45.1) | 1880 (45.1) |
| Race | White | 2462 (65.4) | 3382 (68.2) | 2728 (65.5) | 2841 (68.2) |
| Black | 751 (20.0) | 848 (17.1) | 802 (19.3) | 715 (17.2) | |
| Asian | 65 (1.7) | 127 (2.6) | 117 (2.8) | 93 (2.2) | |
| Other | 484 (12.9) | 604 (12.2) | 517 (12.4) | 515 (12.4) | |
| Ethnicity | Hispanic | 527 (14.0) | 755 (15.2) | 586 (14.1) | 628 (15.1) |
| Non-Hispanic | 2875 (76.4) | 3717 (74.9) | 3169 (76.1) | 3125 (75.0) | |
| Unknown | 360 (9.6) | 489 (9.9) | 409 (9.8) | 411 (9.9) | |
| Primary payor | Commercial | 808 (21.5) | 1295 (26.1) | 1107 (26.6) | 1044 (25.1) |
| Medicare | 1979 (52.6) | 2355 (47.5) | 1988 (47.7) | 2018 (48.5) | |
| Medicaid | 610 (16.2) | 823 (16.6) | 684 (16.4) | 690 (16.6) | |
| Other | 365 (9.7) | 488 (9.8) | 385 (9.2) | 412 (9.9) | |
| Variant period | Pre-Delta | 1098 (29.2) | 1742 (35.1) | 1389 (33.4) | 1389 (33.4) |
| Delta | 1453 (38.6) | 2082 (42.0) | 1765 (42.4) | 1765 (42.4) | |
| Omicron | 1211 (32.2) | 1137 (22.9) | 1010 (24.2) | 1010 (24.2) | |
| Admission source | Transfer from SNF or ICF | 90 (2.4) | 82 (1.7) | 65 (1.6) | 74 (1.8) |
| Hospital size, no. of beds | <100 | 109 (2.9) | 244 (4.9) | 159 (3.8) | 181 (4.3) |
| 100–199 | 417 (11.1) | 788 (15.9) | 611 (14.7) | 589 (14.1) | |
| 200–299 | 689 (18.3) | 1011 (20.4) | 831 (20.0) | 857 (20.6) | |
| 300–399 | 793 (21.1) | 952 (19.2) | 865 (20.8) | 807 (19.4) | |
| 400–499 | 542 (14.4) | 524 (10.6) | 439 (10.5) | 471 (11.3) | |
| 500+ | 1212 (32.2) | 1442 (29.1) | 1259 (30.2) | 1259 (30.2) | |
| Hospital location | Urban | 3383 (89.9) | 4200 (84.7) | 3566 (85.6) | 3589 (86.2) |
| Rural | 379 (10.1) | 761 (15.3) | 598 (14.4) | 575 (13.8) | |
| Teaching hospital | 1954 (51.9) | 2255 (45.5) | 1896 (45.5) | 1959 (47.0) | |
| Region | Midwest | 831 (22.1) | 923 (18.6) | 765 (18.4) | 789 (18.9) |
| Northeast | 345 (9.2) | 473 (9.5) | 427 (10.3) | 408 (9.8) | |
| South | 1959 (52.1) | 2898 (58.4) | 2385 (57.3) | 2390 (57.4) | |
| West | 627 (16.7) | 667 (13.4) | 587 (14.1) | 577 (13.9) | |
| Comorbidities | Obesity | 1708 (45.4) | 2679 (54.0) | 2301 (55.3) | 2219 (53.3) |
| COPD | 1175 (31.2) | 1497 (30.2) | 1321 (31.7) | 1255 (30.1) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 3452 (91.8) | 4383 (88.3) | 3772 (90.6) | 3725 (89.5) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1892 (50.3) | 2484 (50.1) | 2118 (50.9) | 2092 (50.2) | |
| Renal disease | 1235 (32.8) | 1021 (20.6) | 994 (23.9) | 897 (21.5) | |
| Cancer | 127 (3.4) | 158 (3.2) | 136 (3.3) | 136 (3.3) | |
| Immunocompromised condition | 1500 (39.9) | 1321 (26.6) | 1260 (30.3) | 1173 (28.2) | |
| Hospital ward upon admission | General ward | 635 (16.9) | 1150 (23.2) | 856 (20.6) | 899 (21.6) |
| ICU/step-down | 3127 (83.1) | 3811 (76.8) | 3308 (79.4) | 3265 (78.4) | |
| Admit diagnosis | Sepsis | 51 (1.4) | 46 (0.9) | 33 (0.8) | 38 (0.9) |
| Pneumonia/respiratory failure | 356 (9.5) | 456 (9.2) | 363 (8.7) | 398 (9.6) | |
| Other COVID-19 treatments at baseline | Anticoagulants | 1700 (45.2) | 1557 (31.4) | 1402 (33.7) | 1367 (32.8) |
| Corticosteroids | 3282 (87.2) | 4770 (96.1) | 4045 (97.1) | 4016 (96.4) | |
| Convalescent plasma | 115 (3.1) | 501 (10.1) | 296 (7.1) | 294 (7.1) | |
| Tocilizumab | 523 (13.9) | 1045 (21.1) | 904 (21.7) | 800 (19.2) | |
| Baricitinib | 405 (10.8) | 674 (13.6) | 500 (12.0) | 562 (13.5) | |
Abbreviation: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ICF, intermediate care facility; ICU, intensive care unit; LFO, low-flow oxygen; RDV, remdesivir; SNF, skilled nursing facility.
aMatching with replacement approach.