Table 4.

The impact of culturally-appropriate orientation before MHFA training: applying random effects linear regression and random effects logistic regression and models

	Crude model		Adjusted model
	Coefficient	S. E.	Coefficient	S.E.
Schizophrenia
First aid response (ALGEE)	1.35***	0.31	1.34***	0.31
Confidence helping	0.03	0.11	0.03	0.11
Stigma	0.92	0.66	1.06	0.66
Depression
First aid response (ALGEE)	1.27***	0.28	1.27***	0.28
Confidence helping	− 0.12	0.11	− 0.13	0.11
Stigma	0.75	0.65	0.71	0.66
Mental health literacy	2.11***	0.52	2.12***	0.53
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Schizophrenia
Correct recognition	2.68*	0.98, 7.35	2.79**	1.01, 7.69
Depression
Correct recognition	2.18	0.93, 5.10	2.15	0.91, 5.03

Correction recognition of schizophrenia and depression in case vignettes was scored 0 (incorrect) or 1 (correct). First aid response (ALGEE) was scored 0–10 with higher scores corresponding to a more appropriate MHFA response to someone with symptoms of schizophrenia or depression. Confidence helping (self-reported) was scored 1–5, with 1 indicating “not at all” confident helping someone with symptoms of schizophrenia or depression and 5 indicating “extremely” confident. Stigma was scored 7–35 with higher scores corresponding to less negative and stigmatizing beliefs about individuals with symptoms of schizophrenia or depression. Mental health literacy was scored 0–21 with high scores indicating greater familiarly with conventional US mental health diagnoses, concepts, and norms

Covariates of the adjusted random effects models: time, gender, age, education, immigration status, previous training, personal experience of mental health issues, family members’ experience of mental health issues

S.E. standard error

Significance:

^*p < 0.05,

^**p < 0.01,

^***p < 0.001