Table 2.
Association between qualitative variables and median scores for each SF-36 domain 1 year after hospital admission for COVID-19.
| Qualitative variables | Comparison of median scores and IQR (in brackets) in each SF-36 domain, according to dichotomous explanatory variables (no/yes; Mann–Whitney U test) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical functioning | Physical role | Bodily pain | General health | Vitality | Social functioning | Emotional role | Mental health | |||||||||||||||||
| No | Yes | p | No | Yes | p | No | Yes | p | No | Yes | p | No | Yes | p | No | Yes | p | No | Yes | p | No | Yes | p | |
| Medical history | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Female | 95 (80–100) | 80 (49–95) | <0.001 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (0–100) | <0.001 | 100 (80–100) | 70 (45–100) | <0.001 | 70 (60–80) | 55 (35–70) | <0.001 | 70 (55–85) | 55 (35–75) | <0.001 | 100 (88–100) | 100 (62–100) | <0.001 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (67–100) | <0.001 | 80 (64–88) | 64 (48–80) | <0.001 |
| Smoker/ex-smoker | 90 (70–100) | 95 (70–100) | 0.600 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (75–100) | 0.700 | 90 (60–100) | 90 (67–100) | 0.910 | 65 (45–80) | 65 (45–75) | 0.810 | 65 (45–80) | 65 (45–80) | 0.960 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (87–100) | 0.880 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 0.071 | 72 (60–88) | 76 (60–84) | 0.670 |
| Hypertension | 95 (75–100) | 90 (57–100) | <0.001 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (75–100) | 0.870 | 100 (67–100) | 90 (57–100) | 0.610 | 70 (45–80) | 65 (45–75) | 0.082 | 70 (45–80) | 65 (45–80) | 0.710 | 100 (87–100) | 100 (87–100) | 0.540 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 0.860 | 72 (60–84) | 76 (60–88) | 0.150 |
| Dyslipidemia | 95 (70–100) | 90 (55–100) | 0.044 | 100 (78–100) | 100 (75–100) | 0.300 | 90 (67–100) | 90 (57–100) | 0.980 | 65 (45–80) | 65 (45–75) | 0.180 | 65 (45–80) | 67 (45–80) | 0.950 | 100 (87–100) | 100 (75–100) | 0.790 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 0.920 | 72 (59–84) | 76 (60–88) | 0.270 |
| Anxiety | 95 (70–100) | 77 (55–95) | 0.001 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (0–100) | 0.110 | 100 (67–100) | 80 (58–100) | 0.130 | 70 (45–80) | 60 (36–70) | 0.006 | 70 (45–84) | 50 (35–65) | <0.001 | 100 (87–100) | 88 (63–100) | 0.015 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (33–100) | 0.003 | 76 (60–88) | 64 (53–79) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 95 (70–100) | 70 (55–90) | 0.005 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (75–100) | 0.720 | 90 (67–100) | 90 (60–100) | 0.700 | 65 (45–80) | 55 (30–75) | 0.006 | 70 (45–80) | 45 (30–65) | 0.001 | 100 (87–100) | 100 (38–100) | 0.270 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (67–100) | 0.400 | 76 (60–88) | 68 (56–84) | 0.250 |
| Fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue | 95 (70–100) | 40 (22–55) | <0.001 | 100 (77–100) | 0 (0–100) | <0.001 | 100 (67–100) | 45 (23–62) | <0.001 | 65 (45–80) | 30 (17–42) | <0.001 | 70 (45–80) | 30 (17–37) | <0.001 | 100 (87–100) | 63 (37–87) | <0.001 | 100 (100–100) | 33 (0–100) | 0.001 | 76 (60–88) | 48 (42–66) | <0.001 |
| Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) | 95 (80–100) | 80 (50–95) | <0.001 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (0–100) | <0.001 | 100 (70–100) | 80 (52–100) | <0.001 | 70 (50–80) | 60 (40–75) | 0.001 | 70 (50–85) | 60 (40–75) | <0.001 | 100 (87–100) | 100 (75–100) | 0.010 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (67–100) | 0.015 | 76 (60–88) | 72 (54–84) | 0.027 |
| Ischemic cardiopathy | 95 (70–100) | 75 (54–95) | 0.040 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (62–100) | 0.560 | 95 (61–100) | 80 (68–100) | 0.340 | 65 (45–80) | 47 (40–64) | 0.037 | 65 (45–80) | 70 (54–85) | 0.450 | 100 (87–100) | 100 (84–100) | 0.570 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 0.600 | 72 (60–87) | 82 (67–92) | 0.140 |
| Cardiac insufficiency | 95 (70–100) | 75 (10–95) | 0.004 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (87–100) | 0.820 | 100 (67–100) | 70 (54–100) | 0.130 | 65 (45–80) | 55 (40–65) | 0.015 | 65 (45–80) | 70 (57–82) | 0.310 | 100 (87–100) | 100 (81–100) | 0.870 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 0.400 | 72 (58–84) | 80 (66–92) | 0.120 |
| COPD | 95 (70–100) | 90 (57–95) | 0.410 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (87–100) | 0.590 | 90 (67–100) | 70 (21–90) | 0.130 | 65 (45–80) | 75 (37–82) | 0.770 | 65 (45–80) | 85 (47–95) | 0.170 | 100 (87–100) | 100 (81–100) | 0.480 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 0.270 | 72 (60–88) | 80 (56–84) | 0.940 |
| Chronic bronchitis | 95 (70–100) | 80 (59–99) | 0.420 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (25–100) | 0.950 | 90 (67–100) | 90 (34–100) | 0.820 | 65 (45–80) | 60 (46–74) | 0.520 | 65 (45–80) | 75 (52–84) | 0.330 | 100 (87–100) | 100 (81–100) | 0.550 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 0.540 | 72 (60–88) | 76 (61–83) | 0.930 |
| Asthma | 95 (70–100) | 47 (21–77) | 0.023 | 100 (75–100) | 0 (0–75) | 0.012 | 90 (67–100) | 34 (22–86) | 0.064 | 65 (45–80) | 25 (20–56) | 0.020 | 65 (45–80) | 20 (15–44) | 0.008 | 100 (87–100) | 63 (41–94) | 0.060 | 100 (100–100) | 50 (0–100) | 0.084 | 75 (60–88) | 54 (37–74) | 0.110 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 95 (70–100) | 70 (12–91) | 0.006 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (0–100) | 0.280 | 90 (67–100) | 70 (39–100) | 0.270 | 65 (45–80) | 47 (32–66) | 0.040 | 65 (45–80) | 55 (30–76) | 0.240 | 100 (87–100) | 100 (47–100) | 0.400 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (67–100) | 0.420 | 73 (60–88) | 70 (39–85) | 0.320 |
| Diabetes | 95 (70–100) | 90 (60–100) | 0.240 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (0–100) | 0.450 | 90 (67–100) | 100 (55–100) | 0.750 | 65 (45–80) | 65 (45–80) | 0.600 | 65 (45–80) | 65 (40–85) | 0.580 | 100 (87–100) | 100 (75–100) | 0.930 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 0.580 | 75 (60–84) | 72 (52–88) | 0.870 |
| Diabetes with target organ damage | 95 (70–100) | 75 (35–95) | 0.044 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (75–100) | 0.560 | 100 (67–100) | 68 (57–90) | 0.110 | 65 (45–80) | 45 (35–60) | 0.039 | 65 (45–80) | 65 (45–85) | 0.890 | 100 (87–100) | 100 (87–100) | 0.690 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 0.418 | 72 (60–84) | 84 (68–92) | 0.140 |
| Clinical outcomes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ARDS | 95 (70–100) | 90 (70–100) | 0.830 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (100–100) | 0.310 | 90 (67–100) | 100 (62–100) | 0.620 | 65 (45–75) | 65 (50–80) | 0.780 | 65 (40–80) | 70 (50–85) | 0.054 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (87–100) | 0.580 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 0.350 | 72 (56–84) | 76 (62–88) | 0.091 |
| ICU admission | 95 (70–100) | 95 (66–100) | 0.950 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (75–100) | 0.710 | 95 (67–100) | 90 (57–100) | 0.500 | 65 (45–80) | 70 (50–80) | 0.230 | 65 (45–80) | 70 (46–89) | 0.041 | 100 (87–100) | 100 (75–100) | 0.370 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (67–100) | 0.054 | 74 (60–85) | 73 (60–88) | 0.540 |
| Helmet-CPAP | 95 (70–100) | 95 (65–100) | 0.990 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (75–100) | 0.620 | 100 (67–100) | 90 (57–100) | 0.370 | 65 (45–80) | 70 (47–80) | 0.330 | 65 (45–80) | 70 (45–85) | 0.086 | 100 (87–100) | 100 (75–100) | 0.470 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (67–100) | 0.041 | 76 (60–86) | 72 (58–88) | 0.640 |
| High-flow oxygen | 95 (66–100) | 95 (81–100) | 0.300 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (100–100) | 0.170 | 90 (61–100) | 100 (77–100) | 0.260 | 65 (45–80) | 70 (60–80) | 0.161 | 65 (45–80) | 70 (60–86) | 0.035 | 100 (87–100) | 100 (87–100) | 0.980 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 0.360 | 72 (57–84) | 80 (63–88) | 0.210 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 95 (70–100) | 90 (60–100) | 0.730 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (50–100) | 0.950 | 90 (67–100) | 80 (46–100) | 0.250 | 65 (45–80) | 70 (52–87) | 0.500 | 65 (45–80) | 75 (39–90) | 0.370 | 100 (87–100) | 87 (69–100) | 0.140 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 0.880 | 72 (60–88) | 80 (56–88) | 0.720 |
| Systemic corticosteroids during admission | 90 (45–100) | 95 (70–100) | 0.170 | 100 (25–100) | 100 (75–100) | 0.210 | 80 (57–100) | 100 (67–100) | 0.023 | 62 (35–76) | 65 (45–80) | 0.330 | 60 (39–85) | 70 (45–80) | 0.340 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (87–100) | 0.061 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 0.820 | 76 (51–88) | 72 (60–84) | 0.980 |
| SARS-CoV-2 vaccination after admission | 95 (65–100) | 95 (71–100) | 0.960 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (76–100) | 0.670 | 90 (60–100) | 90 (68–100) | 0.200 | 70 (45–80) | 65 (45–75) | 0.410 | 70 (50–85) | 70 (50–80) | 0.360 | 100 (75–100) | 100 (88–100) | 0.450 | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 0.820 | 80 (60–88) | 75 (60–84) | 0.180 |
ARDS, Acute respiratory distress syndrome; BMI, Body mass index; COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICU, Intensive care unit; and SF-36, 36-item Short Form health survey.
Values in bold have reached statistical significance.