Table 2. Examples of Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases.

serial no.	biomarker type	diagnostic test	test type	sample type	technique	sensitivity	limit of detection	sample volume	test time	Cost	ref
1	troponin	high-sensitivity troponin assay	blood test	serum or plasma	immunoassay	90–97%	1–2 ng/L	1 mL	within 1–3 h of symptoms	$15–$300	(14, 70−73)
2	B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)	BNP blood test	blood test	serum or plasma	immunoassay	90–95%	5 pg/mL	1 mL	same day	$50–$150	(74−79)
3	C-reactive protein (CRP)	high-sensitivity CRP assay	blood test	serum or plasma	immunoassay	80–90%	0.1 mg/L	1 mL	same day	$20–$100	(80−84)
4	myeloperoxidase (MPO)	MPO blood test	blood test	serum or plasma	immunoassay	70–85%	1 ng/mL	1 mL	same day	$100–$150	(85−87)
5	lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2)	Lp-PLA2 blood test | Blood test	blood test	serum or plasma	immunoassay	60–80%	15 ng/mL	1 mL	same day	$75–$150	(88−90)
6	soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR)	suPARnostic ELISA	blood test	serum or plasma	ELISA	65–75%	1.8 ng/mL	100 μL	same day	$70–$100	(91−93)
7	matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)	MMP-9 blood test	blood test	serum or plasma	immunoassay	75–80%	1 ng/mL	1 mL	same day	$100–$150	(94−96)
8	fibrinogen	fibrinogen blood test	blood test	serum or plasma	coagulation assay	80–90%	100 mg/dL	1 mL	same day	$20–$100	(97−99)
9	homocysteine	homocysteine blood test	blood test	serum or plasma	immunoassay	75–85%	1 μmol/L	1 mL	same day	$30–$80	(100−102)