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. 2023 Sep 28;7(10):1307–1320. doi: 10.1038/s41551-023-01095-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 10 — a. Experimental timeline used for the integrated experiments. EEG and lactate recordings from participants 1 (b–d), 2 (e–g), 3 (h–j), 4 (k–m) and 5 (n–p). (b,e,h,k,n) Pre-exercise alpha modulation data from individual participants. (c,f,i,l,o) Lactate CA current measurements from individual participants, showing lactate concentration variation during the experiments. (d,g,j,m,p) Post-exercise alpha modulation data from individual participants. The yellow shaded interval illustrates the 8–12 Hz alpha band. The pre-and post-exercise alpha modulation ratios for the five participants were 2.13 (V²/V²) vs 2.25 (V²/V²), 2.21 (V²/V²) vs 1.58 (V²/V²), 5.04 (V²/V²) vs 4.91 (V²/V²), 3.77 vs 3.24 (V²/V²), and 2.88 vs 3.10 (V²/V²), respectively. For alpha modulation results, the mean and standard deviation of the measured EEG PSD across all 3 electrophysiological sensors per participant are represented by solid lines and shaded bands, respectively.

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