Fig. 4. EEG and lactate integrated sensing across five participants before, during and after exercise.
A timeline corresponding to the experimental procedure is shown in the middle. a–d, Alpha modulation power spectral density at timing (a) t0 (pre-exercise), (b) t1 (post-exercise-immediate), (c) t2 (post-exercise-after 3 min) and (d) t3 (post-exercise-relaxed). e, Temporal profile of alpha modulation, showing participant-averaged eyes open/closed EEG power in the alpha band (8–12 Hz), and alpha modulation ratios at times t0, t1, t2 and t3. f, Recording of the lactate chronoamperometry current throughout the exercise. Asterisks denote onset of sweating, the timing of which varied across individual participants. Recordings before t = 0 min were for stabilization of current and not used in the analysis. g, Ten-min lactate CA current centred around dynamically aligned onset of sweating across all participants. Thick solid lines and shaded bands indicate the mean ± s.d. of the 5 participants’ measured data (light and dark blue colour for alpha modulation PSD, red colour for lactate sensing current). All individual participant data are overlayed on the average results as thin lines and are further shown in Extended Data Fig. 10.