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. 2023 Sep 28;7(10):1307–1320. doi: 10.1038/s41551-023-01095-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 4 — a–f. Electrophysiological electrode composition characterization before and after interfacing with the ear canal. Pre-insertion SEM (scanning electron microscope) at two magnifications (a) and (b), and (c) EDS (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) of the electrophysiological electrodes. The EDS is the average of three scanned surface locations on the electrophysiological electrode. Post-insertion SEM at two magnifications (d) and (e), and (f) EDS of the electrophysiological electrodes. Sweat residue was observed in the SEMs and indicated by a 176% increase in the intensity of Na⁺ in the EDS. g–k. Equivalent model fitting results with the (g) RRC model, (h) the RRCRC model, and (i) the constant phase element (CPE) model. (j) Magnitude fitting results. (k) Phase fitting results.

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