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. 2023 Oct 20;14:6643. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42231-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a–d Mean (±s.e.m.) normalized (norm’d) power across MTL channels (n_channels = 19) for frequencies 3–120 Hz during the 0.5 s period prior to either the button press during a correct or b incorrect recall during retrieval trials, or c arrival at visible halos during feedback, or d arrival at arrows during arrow trials. MTL theta band power significantly increased during correct but not incorrect retrieval, visible halo, or arrow trials. Horizontal pink bar indicates significant power increase/decrease (p < 0.05, corrected using false discovery rate [FDR]^19,20). Top-down view of norm’d theta band power (6–8 Hz) in an example MTL channel averaged across all samples during retrieval e correct, f incorrect, g visible halo, and h arrow trials. Note, halos were not visible during correct or incorrect retrieval nor during arrow trials. e, f Colored circles reflect all recalled locations during retrieval for correct and incorrect trials. g Colored circles reflect locations of halos during visible feedback. i Mean (±s.e.m.) norm’d theta band power across MTL channels (n_channels = 19). Vertical gray dotted line (time = 0) indicates the moment (button press) when participants arrived at the remembered halo position (correct/incorrect) during retrieval trials, visible halo (visible, blue) during feedback, or arrow (orange) during arrow trials. j Mean (±s.e.m.) norm’d theta band power across MTL channels (n_channels = 19) during correct/incorrect trials, visible feedback periods, and arrow trials. MTL theta band power significantly increased during the 0.5 s prior to arrival at the target position for correct compared to incorrect, visible (feedback), and arrow trials (correct vs. incorrect p = 0.003, correct vs. visible p = 0.0004, incorrect vs. visible p = 0.19, correct vs. arrow p = 0.047, arrow vs. incorrect p = 0.28, arrow vs. visible p = 0.022). Crosses (+) represent the mean norm’d band power across all trials for an individual channel with each color corresponding to channels from a single participant. * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.0001, two-sided pairwise permutation test, FDR corrected. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.