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. 2023 Oct 20;13:17969. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-44868-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and SSL irradiation on reconstructed skin substitute morphology. (A) Histological analyses of Masson’s trichrome-stained skin substitutes. Stratum corneum (SC) in dark blue/purple, living epidermis (LE) in violet/pink and dermis (D) in light blue. Objective 10X, scale bar: 100 μm. (B) Fold change in the thickness of the living epidermis and (C) of the dermis. Fold change is defined as the ratio of exposed substitutes’ thickness value to the control (without treatment) thickness value. Two substitutes for each condition were analyzed and confirmed with at least three different cell populations (3 ≤ N ≤ 4, 6 ≤ n ≤ 8). Data are presented as means of the different cell populations ± S.D. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test, * p value < 0.05.