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. 2023 Oct 20;13:17969. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-44868-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and SSL irradiation on procollagen synthesis via the inhibition of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. (A) Procollagen I alpha 1 production assessed by ELISA in cell culture supernatants. Fold change is defined as the ratio of exposed substitutes’ procollagen quantity (in ng/mL) to the control (without treatment). (B) Protein expression of phosphorylated Smad2 in the dermis of reconstructed skin substitutes as determined by western blot. β-actin was used as the loading control. One representative blot is shown. (C) Densitometric quantification of the western blots. (D) MMP-1 activity in cell culture supernatants assessed by a fluorimetric assay (Human Active MMP-1 Fluorokine® E Kit). Analyses were performed with at least three different cell populations (3 ≤ N ≤ 5, 6 ≤ n ≤ 10). Data are presented as means of the different cell populations ± S.D. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test, * p value < 0.05, ** p value < 0.01, *** p value < 0.001, **** p value < 0.0001.