Table 2.

Investigations related to the Effects of artificial intelligence in biomechanics.

Authors	Purpose	Subject	Result
Şah et al. [ 26 ]	To examine and contrast the effectiveness of traditional techniques, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with varying image representations, and complex deep learning methods.	Players in field sports	A basic CNN design with image representations yields the highest performance.
Ran Hao [ 27 ]	To review a sports video athlete detection system is through deep learning.	Athletes' sports	A nearly 10% improvement in athlete video detection accuracy was compared to traditional convolution network recognition.
Schrapf et al. [ 28 ]	To utilize ANN to anticipate the complex I's setting speed and target area in volleyball.	289 rallies of 2nd Austrian Volleyball League Women by one player	The predicted target areas by the ANN were more accurate than those by coaches, with a 2.8% increase in accuracy.
Lee et al. [ 29 ]	To determine the feasibility of integrating AI with PE technology.	…	Learners can gain direct experiences through sensory information, and AI can provide objective feedback for physical ability assessment.
Liu et al. [ 30 ]	To apply AI and HCI to athletic training for digitalization and intellectualization.	Three participants	The precision of pose reinstatement was enhanced among sportsmen during athletic preparation.
Tou et al. [ 31 ]	To find the importance of artificial neural network models to predict sports performance.	…	The artificial neural network model demonstrates a higher level of precision in capturing the functional correlation between the training indices of elite shot-put athletes and their athletic achievements. Furthermore, the model exhibits greater accuracy in prognosticating the special performance of these athletes.
Buric et al. [ 32 ]	To present an outline of the latest CNN-based detection techniques and evaluate their effectiveness on handball training and match videos.	Handball players	Mask R-CNN is a superior option for analyzing team sports footage due to the accurate identification of individual players in a group from greater distances with the added advantage of a mask around the detected object. However, it does necessitate more computation power and time.
Prakash et al. [ 17 ]	To comprehensively analyze contemporary gait analysis.	Review	Different analysis methods use applications, such as clinical diagnosis, geriatric care, sports, biometrics, rehabilitation, and the industrial sector.
Acuna and David [ 33 ]	To create an online detection and tracking pipeline. The tracker depends only on detection from the previous and current frame.	Basketball player	The best accuracy of jump shot was around 33% in the test set.
Tumer et al. [ 34 ]	To conduct a survey on volleyball team ranking prediction using ANN.	Data used to develop obtained from 2013 to 2015 league chart	The most optimum model exhibited a precision level of 98%, showing the artificial neural network model has the capacity to forecast the hierarchical order of teams in a league chart with remarkable precision.
Lu et al. [ 35 ]	To present a cascaded CNN that satisfies all three requirements, including accuracy, efficiency, and low memory consumption.	Basketball and soccer players	The approach achieves high accuracy on gaming platforms with fewer parameters compared to traditional CNNs, making it a lightweight alternative.
Phinyomark et al. [ 36 ]	To employ PCA and SVM to analyze differences in running gait kinematics between male and female runners.	483 subjects including 263 females and 220 males	Women runners have a higher risk for running-related injuries compared to men. A research study revealed that a significant portion of the data's variability was accounted for by a majority of the principal components. Furthermore, the study showed that classifying female and male runners using SVM resulted in an accuracy of 86.34%.
Pobar et al. [ 37 ]	To identify and evaluate the most proficient player in handball by detecting all players present on the court.	Handball players	An evaluation method to assess the performance of the proposed active player detection was proposed, which was successfully tested on a custom handball dataset.
Novatchkov et al. [ 8 ]	To illustrate the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques in sports	7 Female, 8 Male/ 20-31 years	Artificial intelligence can evaluate weight training equipment performance and provide athletes with quick feedback.
Zhao et al. [ 38 ]	To enhance the adaptability control of exoskeletons, leading to successful human-computer coupling.	…	The simulation results of Weka software indicate that the classifier can accurately assess lower limb motion using gait analysis data. Furthermore, cluster analysis can group lower limb motion for various users in different environments and at different times.
Fischer et al. [ 13 ]	To examine model classification rates for identifying subjects based on kinematic patterns.	8 male competitive athletes	The optimized SVM performed well in separating data at different velocities and achieved 100% classification rates for identifying subjects, while the ANN had a slightly lower accuracy of 94% to 95.5%.
Eskofier et al. [ 7 ]	To introduce a recognition method that identifies important predictors of golf swing technique for improving performance.	396	The SVM performed always better than the k-NN classifier. The best result was obtained using only the club-specific feature set and the SVM. The best classification result was obtained when using only the human-specific feature set and the SVM
Eskofier et al. [ 12 ]	To differentiate between three categories of speed and three categories of surface inclination.	…	Surface inclination classification had 67.2% accuracy due to measurement restrictions. Speed classification could be done with up to 89.2% accuracy.
Acikkar et al. [ 11 ]	To support vector machines is introduced to forecast an athlete's aerobic fitness.	27 male athletes / mean 19±4.42 years	Various experiments reveal that curve-fitted data outperforms other data in terms of higher prediction rate, sensitivity, specificity, and shorter training time.
Rozumalsk et al. [ 39 ]	To assess significant differences in patterns and underlying causes of various gait deviations within a larger group.	Subjects with Cerebral palsy	The study identifies five clusters in children with excessive knee flexion. A new classification tool can define homogeneous groups in crouch gait. This can guide treatment and outcomes assessment.
Kim and Lee [ 40 ]	To adapt the gait of biped robots for different terrains by utilizing a central pattern generator and a leaning mechanism.	…	The biped robot's gait varies with the terrain. The effectiveness of the gait adaptation method was confirmed through simulation.
Silva et al. [ 41 ]	To identify explanatory factors for performance events, model performance, and evaluate neural network precision for performance prediction.	(65 males and 73 females)/ the mean age of the males was 15.9±0.4 years and the mean age of females was 13.2±0.4 years	The constructed neural network models had a low mean difference between estimated and true results.
Xu et al. [ 42 ]	To examine the identification of the fundamental walking pattern through data analysis.	…	The clustering-based technique can efficiently identify gait patterns and assist with clinical applications.
Pretorius et al. [ 43 ]	To compare human prediction ability to an artificially intelligent prediction system.	2015 Rugby World Cup	During a particular rugby tournament, there wasn't enough evidence to support the idea that a human can predict match outcomes more accurately than a machine learning approach.
Juang ang Jih-Gau [ 44 ]	To examine the use of Fuzzy neural network methods in generating robot walking patterns.	…	The simulation successfully achieved specific goals, including crossing over a specific clearance, with a desired step length, and walking at a particular speed.
Lapham et al. [ 1 ]	To utilize artificial intelligence techniques to elevate the role of computers in decision-making processes within the discipline.	…	Establishment of an expert system catering to a precise and distinct sports technique would present a noteworthy progression in the field of sports biomechanics.