Table 3.

The responses of pathogenic bacteria to grape pomace and grape pomace extracts measured in various in vitro studies (DF: Dietary Fiber, GPE: Grape Pomace Extract, GSE: Grape Seed Extract, Monos: Monosaccharide, N/A: Not Available, POS: Polysaccharide, TPC: Total Phenolic Content, XOS: Xylooligosaccharides).

Bacteria	Growth Effect	Pomace Intervention	Study Type	Measured Carbohydrates	Measured Phenolics	Source
Clostridia XIVa	Increased	GPE	GI tract simulator	Extract DF and Monos	Extract TPC and individual phenolics	[34]
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922	Decreased	Enzymatic GPE	In vitro growth assay	Total DF, Monos, XOS, and POS quantification before and after incubation	TPC and individual phenolics before and after incubation	[45]
E. coli ATCC 25922	No effect	GSE	In vitro growth assay	N/A	Extract individual phenolics	[23]
E. coli ATCC 35218	Increased	GPE	In vitro growth assay	N/A	Extract TPC	[48]
E. coli BW13711	Decreased	GSE	In vitro growth assay	N/A	Extract individual phenolics	[23]
E. coli CECT 5947	Increased	GSE	In vitro growth assay	N/A	Extract individual phenolics	[23]
E. coli WTT1	Decreased	GSE	In vitro growth assay	N/A	Extract individual phenolics	[23]
Enterococcaceae	Increased	GPE	GI tract simulator	Extract DF and Monos	Extract TPC and individual phenolics	[34]
Enterobacteriaceae	Increased	GPE	GI tract simulator	Extract DF and Monos	Extract TPC and individual phenolics	[34]
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii	Increased	GPE	GI tract simulator	Extract DF and Monos	Extract TPC and individual phenolics	[34]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145	Decreased	Enzymatic GPE	In vitro growth assay	Total DF, Monos, XOS, and POS quantification before and after incubation	TPC and individual phenolics before and after incubation	[45]
Streptococcus salivarius ZL50-7	Decreased	GSE	In vitro growth assay	N/A	Extract individual phenolics	[23]
S. salivarius ZL93-3	Decreased	GSE	In vitro growth assay	N/A	Extract individual phenolics	[23]
S. sobrinus ATCC 33478	No effect	GPE	In vitro growth assay	N/A	Extract TPC	[48]
S. thermophilus STY-31	Decreased	GSE	In vitro growth assay	N/A	Extract individual phenolics	[23]
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923	Decreased	Enzymatic GPE	In vitro growth assay	Total DF, Monos, XOS, and POS quantification before and after incubation	TPC and individual phenolics before and after incubation	[45]
S. aureus CCUG 60578	Decreased	Enzymatic GPE	In vitro growth assay	Total DF, Monos, XOS, and POS quantification before and after incubation	TPC and individual phenolics before and after incubation	[45]