Table 4.
The responses of specific gut bacteria to grape pomace and grape pomace extracts measured in various in vitro studies (CHO: Carbohydrate, DF: Dietary Fiber, GPE: Grape Pomace Extract, GSE: Grape Seed Extract, Monos: Monosaccharides, N/A: Not available, POS: Polysaccharides, RGP: Red Grape Pomace, TPC: Total Phenolic Content, XOS: Xylooligosaccharides).
| Bacteria | Growth Effect | Pomace Intervention | Study Type | Measured Carbohydrates | Measured Phenolics | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bifidobacterium animalis 13A | Decreased | RGP | In vitro growth assay | N/A | N/A | [33] |
| B. breve 15A | Increased | RGP | In vitro growth assay | Total CHO before and after incubation | TPC, individual phenolics before and after incubation | [33] |
| Bacteroides | Increased | GPE | GI tract simulator | Extract DF and Monos | Extract TPC and individual phenolics | [34] |
| Bifidobacterium | Increased | GPE | GI tract simulator | Extract DF and Monos | Extract TPC and individual phenolics | [34] |
| B. animalis Bo | Increased | Enzymatic GPE | In vitro growth assay | Total DF, Monos, XOS, and POS quantification before and after incubation | TPC and individual phenolics before and after incubation | [45] |
| B.animalis spp. Lactic Bb12 | Increased | Enzymatic GPE | In vitro growth assay | Total DF, Monos, XOS, and POS quantification before and after incubation | TPC and individual phenolics before and after incubation | [45] |
| B. longum BG3 | Increased | Enzymatic GPE | In vitro growth assay | Total DF, Monos, XOS, and POS quantification before and after incubation | TPC and individual phenolics before and after incubation | [45] |
| Bifidobacterium spp. ATCC 29521 | Increased | GPE | In vitro growth assay | N/A | Extract TPC | [48] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 | No effect | GPE | In vitro growth assay | N/A | Extract TPC | [48] |
| L. acidophilus CECT 903 | Increased | RGP extract | In vitro growth assay | N/A | Extract TPC, individual phenolics | [24] |
| Lacticaseibacillus casei FC1-13 | Decreased | RGP | In vitro growth assay | N/A | N/A | [33] |
| L. casei FPL7190 | Increased | GSE | In vitro growth assay | N/A | Extract individual phenolics | [23] |
| L. casei LC-01 | Decreased | GSE | In vitro growth assay | N/A | Extract individual phenolics | [23] |
| Limosilactobacillus fermentum LC-40 | Decreased | GSE | In vitro growth assay | N/A | Extract individual phenolics | [23] |
| L. fermentum PNA1 | Decreased | GSE | In vitro growth assay | N/A | Extract individual phenolics | [23] |
| Lacticaseibacillus paracasei 14A | Increased | RGP | In vitro growth assay | Total CHO before and after incubation | TPC, individual phenolics before and after incubation | [33] |
| Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 12A | Increased | RGP | In vitro growth assay | Total CHO before and after incubation | TPC, individual phenolics before and after incubation | [33] |
| L. plantarum CIC17 | Decreased | GSE | In vitro growth assay | N/A | Extract individual phenolics | [23] |
| L. plantarum CLB7 | Decreased | GSE | In vitro growth assay | N/A | Extract individual phenolics | [23] |
| L. plantarum IFPL711 | Decreased | GSE | In vitro growth assay | N/A | Extract individual phenolics | [23] |
| L. plantarum IFPL715 | Decreased | GSE | In vitro growth assay | N/A | Extract individual phenolics | [23] |
| L. plantarum IFPL722 | Decreased | GSE | In vitro growth assay | N/A | Extract individual phenolics | [23] |
| L. plantarum IFPL724 | Decreased | GSE | In vitro growth assay | N/A | Extract individual phenolics | [23] |
| L. plantarum IFPL935 | Decreased | GSE | In vitro growth assay | N/A | Extract individual phenolics | [23] |
| L. plantarum PU1 | Increased | RGP | In vitro growth assay | Total CHO before and after incubation | TPC, individual phenolics before and after incubation | [33] |
| Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM20016 | Decreased | RGP | In vitro growth assay | N/A | N/A | [33] |
| Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus SP1 | Decreased | RGP | In vitro growth assay | N/A | N/A | [33] |
| Furfurilactobacillus rossiae DSM15814 | Decreased | RGP | In vitro growth assay | N/A | N/A | [33] |
| Lactobacillus | Increased | GPE | GI tract simulator | Extract dietary fiber and Monos | Extract TPC and individual phenolics | [34] |
| L. casei 01 | Increased | Enzymatic GPE | In vitro growth assay | Total DF, Monos, XOS, and POS quantification before and after incubation | TPC, individual phenolics before and after incubation | [45] |
| L. rhamnosus R11 | Increased | Enzymatic GPE | In vitro growth assay | Total DF, Monos, XOS, and POS quantification before and after incubation | TPC, individual phenolics before and after incubation | [45] |