Table 5.

The responses of some gut bacteria to grape pomace and grape pomace extracts measured in various small animal studies (N/A: Not available, RGP: Red Grape Pomace, RGS: Red Grape Seed, TPC: Total Phenolic Content, WGS: White Grape Seed).

Bacteria	Growth Effect	Pomace Intervention	Study Type	Measured Carbohydrates	Measured Phenolics	Source
Adlercreutzia	Increased	WGS	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	N/A	[61]
Akkermansia	Increased	RGP extract, RGS extract	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	Extract individual phenolics	[62]
Allobaculum	Decreased	WGS	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	N/A	[61]
Alloprevotella	Increased	RGP extract, RGS extract	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	Extract individual phenolics	[62]
Anaerosporobacter	Increased	WGS	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	N/A	[61]
Anaerotruncus	Decreased	WGS	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	N/A	[61]
Blautia	Increased	WGS	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	N/A	[61]
Campylobacter jejuni	No effect	RGP	Lamb gut microbiome	N/A	TPC of diet	[63]
C. jejuni	Decreased	RGP	Piglet gut microbiome	Crude fiber of diet	TPC of diet	[64]
Clostridia	No effect	RGP	Lamb and piglet gut microbiomes	N/A, crude fiber of diet	TPC of diet	[63,64]
Clostridium	Increased	RGP extract	Rat gut microbiome	N/A	Extract TPC and individual phenolics	[60]
Clostridium	Decreased	WGS	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	N/A	[61]
Escherichia coli	Decreased	RGP	Lamb and piglet gut microbiomes	N/A, crude fiber of diet	TPC of diet	[63,64]
E. coli	Decreased	RGS	Broiler chick ileum	N/A	TPC of diet	[65]
Enterobacteriaceae	Decreased	RGP	Lamb and piglet gut microbiomes	N/A, crude fiber of diet	TPC of diet	[63,64]
Enterococcus	No effect	RGP extract	Rat gut microbiome	N/A	Extract TPC and individual phenolics	[60]
Enterococcus	Increased	WGS	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	N/A	[61]
Enterorhabdus	Decreased	WGS	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	N/A	[61]
Flavonifractor	Increased	WGS	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	N/A	[61]
Odoribacter	Decreased	WGS	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	N/A	[61]
Oscillibacter	Decreased	WGS	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	N/A	[61]
Parabacteroides	Decreased	WGS	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	N/A	[61]
Peptococcus	Decreased	WGS	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	N/A	[61]
Prevotella	Decreased	RGP extract	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	Extract individual phenolics	[62]
Prevotella	Increased	RGS extract	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	Extract individual phenolics	[62]
Roseburia	Increased	WGS	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	N/A	[61]
Streptococcus	Decreased	RGP extract, RGS extract	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	Extract individual phenolics	[62]
Streptococcus	Decreased	RGS	Broiler chick ileum	N/A	TPC of diet	[65]