Table 6.

The responses of select commensal gut bacteria to grape pomace and grape pomace extracts measured in various small animal studies (N/A: Not Available, RGP: Red grape pomace, RGS: Red grape seed, TPC: Total Phenolic Content, WGS: White grape seed).

Bacteria	Growth Effect	Pomace Intervention	Study Type	Measured Carbohydrates	Measured Phenolics	Source
Bifidobacterium	Increased	RGP extract, RGP	Rat gut microbiome, lamb and piglet gut microbiomes	N/A, crude fiber of diet	Extract TPC and individual phenolics, TPC of diet	[60,63,64]
Bifidobacterium	Decreased	WGS	Mice gut microbiome	N/A	N/A	[61]
Lactobacillus	Decreased	RGP extract, WGS	Rat gut microbiome, mice gut microbiome	N/A	Extract TPC and individual phenolics, N/A	[60,61]
Lactobacillus	Increased	RGS	Broiler chick ileum	N/A	TPC of diet	[65]