Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of 16 849 Students in Middle and High School Between 2014 and 2017.
| Variable name | No. (%) |
|---|---|
| Grade level at school year 2014-2015 | |
| 6 | 3373 (20.0) |
| 7 | 3104 (18.4) |
| 8 | 3121 (18.5) |
| 9 | 3709 (22.0) |
| 10 | 3542 (21.0) |
| Self-reported gender | |
| Female | 8093 (48.0) |
| Male | 8756 (52.0) |
| Self-reported race and ethnicitya | |
| African American or Black | 1270 (7.5) |
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 75 (0.4) |
| East Asian (Korean, Japanese, Chinese) | 6165 (36.6) |
| Hispanic or Latine (a/o) | 4311 (25.6) |
| Other Asian | 69 (0.4) |
| Pacific Islander (Samoan, Guamanian, Philippine (a/o), Native Hawaiian, Laotian, Other Pacific Islander) | 1199 (7.1) |
| South Asian/Asian Indian | 416 (2.5) |
| Southeast Asian (Cambodian, Hmong, Vietnamese) | 645 (3.8) |
| Two or more races | 356 (2.1) |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 1680 (10.0) |
| Unknown | 663 (3.9) |
| Highest maternal educational level noted at baseline | |
| Graduate school/postgraduate training | 712 (4.2) |
| College graduate | 1934 (11.5) |
| Some college (includes associate degree) | 1637 (9.7) |
| High school graduate | 4172 (24.8) |
| Not a high school graduate | 1946 (11.5) |
| Decline to state | 6443 (38.2) |
| Missing | 5 (0.0) |
| Active IEP, indicating special education | |
| No | 14 749 (87.5) |
| Yes | 2100 (12.5) |
| Meeting English language arts standardsb | |
| Yes | 2431 (14.4) |
| No | 6648 (39.5) |
| Missing | 7770 (46.1) |
| Meeting mathematics standardsb | |
| Yes | 2860 (17.0) |
| No | 6340 (37.6) |
| Missing | 7649 (45.4) |
| Proportion of students with excellent citizenship scoresb | |
| Proportion of students with excellent scores in ≥75% of their classes | 766 (4.5) |
| Proportion of students with excellent scores in <75% of their classes | 15 938 (94.6) |
| Missing | 145 (0.9) |
| Experiences of ESD | |
| School year of first experience of ESD | |
| No ESD events | 13 236 (78.6) |
| 2014-2015 | 1783 (10.6) |
| 2015-2016 | 1082 (6.4) |
| 2016-2017 | 748 (4.4) |
| Any suspension over study period | 1041 (6.2) |
| No. of suspensions, among those with a suspension, median (IQR) | 1.0 (1-2) |
| Total No. of suspensions | |
| 0 | 15 808 (93.8) |
| 1 | 646 (3.8) |
| >1 | 395 (2.3) |
| Any referral over study period | 3444 (20.4) |
| No. of referrals, among those with a referral, median (IQR) | 2.0 (1-6) |
| Total No. of referrals | |
| 0 | 13 405 (79.6) |
| 1 | 1324 (7.9) |
| >1 | 2120 (12.6) |
| Any ESD event (suspension or referral) over the study period | 3613 (21.4) |
| No. of ESD events among those with an ESD event, median (IQR) | 2.0 (1-6) |
| Total No. of ESD events | |
| 0 | 13 236 (78.6) |
| 1 | 1353 (8.0) |
| >1 | 2260 (13.4) |
Abbreviations: ESD, exclusionary school discipline; IEP, Individualized Education Plan.
a
For race and ethnicity, 177 students with unknown race in the first year, race and ethnicity was imputed from subsequent years’ individual data.
b
Citizenship, meeting English language arts standards, and meeting mathematics standards are included for descriptive information; these were not covariates of interest and thus were not included in the multivariable models.