Skip to main content
. 2023 Oct 6;11:e45539. doi: 10.2196/45539

Table 2.

General participant information.

Study, year Sample size, gender, and age Cognitive or dementia conditions Other health conditions
Afifi et al [52], 2021

  • 21 residents (female: n=18, male: n=3; mean age 83.1, SD 3.72 y) with their family members (female: n=9, male: n=12; mean age 59.86, SD 14.12 y)

  • Mild cognitive impairment (n=9)

  • Mild dementia (n=4)

  • Moderate dementia (n=8)

  • Not specified
Baker et al [53], 2021

  • 16 older adults (female: n=5, male: n=11)

  • Not specified

  • Hearing difficulty (n=4)

  • Need mobility aid (n=2)

  • Mental health problem (n=1)

  • Parkinson disease with communication or movement problem (n=1)
Coelho et al [40], 2020

  • 9 individuals (female: n=6, male: n=3; mean age 85.6, SD 7.4 y)

  • Dementia (n=9)

  • Moderate cognitive decline (n=3)

  • Moderately severe cognitive decline (n=3)

  • Severe cognitive decline (n=3)

  • Not specified
Huang and Yang [54], 2022

  • 20 participants (female: n=11, male: n=9; mean age 79.0, SD 7.8 y)

  • Among the 20 participants, 7 were assessed 3-6 mo after the intervention

  • Very mild dementia (n=2)

  • Mild dementia (n=15)

  • Moderate dementia (n=3)

  • Not specified
Klein et al [25], 2018

  • 6 participants (female: n=3, male: n=3; mean age 74.67, SD 1.31 y)

  • Dementia (n=4)

  • Cognitive impairment without an unequivocal diagnosis of dementia (n=2)

  • Not specified
Niki et al [55], 2020

  • 10 individuals (female: n=6, male: n=4; mean age 87.1, SD 4.2 y)

  • Normal cognition (n=9)

  • Suspected mild cognitive impairment (n=1)

  • Not specified
Saredakis et al [56], 2020

  • 17 participants (female: n=10, male: n=7; mean age 87.3, SD 6.3 y)

  • No or minimal cognitive impairment (n=10)

  • Mild cognitive impairments (n=3)

  • Moderate cognitive impairments (n=4)

  • Depressive symptoms (n=6)
Saredakis et al [57], 2021

  • Experiment group: 15 participants (female: n=10, male: n=5; mean age 81.7, SD 6.6 y)

  • Active control: 14 participants (female: n=9, male: n=5; mean age 85.9, SD 8.1 y)

  • Passive control: 14 participants (female: n=9, male: n=5; mean age 87, SD 8.7 y)

  • Total: 43 participants (female: n=28, male: n=15; mean age 84.8, SD 8 y)

  • Memory-related dementia or Parkinson disease (n=5)

  • Memory-related dementia or Parkinson disease (n=3)

  • Memory-related, dementia or Parkinson disease (n=3)

  • Memory-related dementia or Parkinson disease (n=11)

  • Depression (n=5)

  • Anxiety (n=5)

  • Heart disease (n=8)

  • Stroke (n=2)
Webber et al [58], 2021

  • 6 participants + 1 participant in pilot study

  • With signs of cognitive impairment (n=4)

  • Not specified
Xu and Wang [59], 2020

  • Virtual reality–based group: 10 participants (female: n=5, male: n=5; mean age 76.7, SD 5.5 y)

  • Photo-based group: 10 participants (female: n=8, male: n=3; mean age 79.4, SD 2.0 y)

  • Blank group (verbally guided): 10 participants (mean age 78.5, SD 3.4 y)

  • Mild to moderate dementia

  • Not specified
Yahara et al [60], 2021

  • 2 participants (female: n=1, male: n=1; age 80 and 92 y)

  • Mild cognitive impairment (n=2)

  • Not specified